排序方式: 共有140条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
131.
Failures to retrieve specific memories have been related to general tendencies to commit errors in executive functioning tasks, raising the question of whether they are simply a reflection of randomly occurring lapses in cognitive control or whether their occurrence is in any way related to memory content. This study investigated the relation between failures to retrieve specific autobiographical memories and dysfunctional attitudes in individuals at risk for depression and controls. Sixteen previously depressed and 19 never-depressed participants were assessed for dysfunctional attitudes regarding "need for approval" and "performance evaluation". One week later, they were asked to generate specific memories following dependency- and achievement-related cue words, both under single and dual task conditions. In previously depressed participants, dysfunctional attitudes regarding "need for approval" significantly predicted specificity for dependency-related events under dual task conditions. The findings provide qualified support for a role of content and demonstrate how, in previously depressed individuals, content effects can surface when cognitive control is undermined. 相似文献
132.
Reduced K+ Channel Inactivation, Spike Broadening, and After-Hyperpolarization in Kvβ1.1-Deficient Mice with Impaired Learning
下载免费PDF全文

Karl Peter Giese Johan F. Storm Dirk Reuter Nikolai B. Fedorov Li-Rong Shao Thorsten Leicher Olaf Pongs Alcino J. Silva 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》1998,5(4):257-273
A-type K+ channels are known to regulate neuronal firing, but their role in repetitive firing and learning in mammals is not well characterized. To determine the contribution of the auxiliary K+ channel subunit Kvβ1.1 to A-type K+ currents and to study the physiological role of A-type K+ channels in repetitive firing and learning, we deleted the Kvβ1.1 gene in mice. The loss of Kvβ1.1 resulted in a reduced K+ current inactivation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, in the mutant neurons, frequency-dependent spike broadening and the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) were reduced. This suggests that Kvβ1.1-dependent A-type K+ channels contribute to frequency-dependent spike broadening and may regulate the sAHP by controlling Ca2+ influx during action potentials. The Kvβ1.1-deficient mice showed normal synaptic plasticity but were impaired in the learning of a water maze test and in the social transmission of food preference task, indicating that the Kvβ1.1 subunit contributes to certain types of learning and memory. 相似文献
133.
Shab Mireskandari Jennifer Sangster Bettina Meiser Belinda Thewes Claire Groombridge Allan Spigelman Lesley Andrews 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(5):409-417
The aim of this study was to explore in detail the psychosocial impact of either having familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
or being at risk for FAP amongst young adults. In-depth interviews were conducted with eleven individuals aged 18–35 with
a clinical or genetic diagnosis of, or at risk of developing FAP. While being at risk did not seem to have a major psychosocial
impact upon clinically unaffected participants, clinically affected individuals discussed a number of major stressors including
issues in relation to changes in body image and physical functioning as a result of surgery, concerns about discussing FAP
with new partners, difficulties in relation to childbearing decision-making, and impact on employment. Genetic counseling
was described as being highly effective in providing support, but most participants were not aware of any other support services.
Providing longer-term support through ongoing genetic counseling appears necessary to adequately address the ongoing challenges
faced by young adults who are dealing with FAP. 相似文献
134.
The relation between conscious recollection and source memory for perceptual details was investigated in three experiments that combined the remember-know paradigm with a multidimensional source monitoring test. Experiment 1 replicated that source memory for perceptual details is better in the case of "remember" than "know" judgments. Experiment 2 showed that the relation between "remember" judgments and source memory for perceptual details is diminished by a semantic orienting task during encoding. Experiment 3 demonstrated that "remember" judgments are related to enhanced source memory for specific and unique kinds of perceptual source information, whereas memory for incomplete and global perceptual source information does not differentiate between "remember" and "know" judgments. The results show that the attentional focus during encoding and the specificity of retrieved source information form boundary conditions for the use of source memory for perceptual details as a basis of "remember" judgments. 相似文献
135.
The aim of the present paper was to describe and evaluate many of the measurement scales currently used in genetic counseling
outcomes research. A team of three researchers reviewed the available literature and selected a variety of validated instruments
suitable for measurement of genetic counseling outcomes. There are numerous scales to assess each of the following outcomes
among counselees: satisfaction with genetic counseling; knowledge; decision-making; psychological adjustment; coping; perceived
personal control; perceptions of disease risk; and family communication about genetic risk. However, the strengths and limitations
inherent to each instrument warrant careful consideration prior to implementation. In the genetic counseling context, scale
selection should be undertaken with thought directed towards the characteristics of the research sample (e.g. levels of literacy,
culture, medical condition), the practicalities of the research setting (e.g. available funding and resources, time restrictions,
researcher expertise), the purpose of the research (i.e. the specific aspect of the genetic counseling experience to be studied),
and the science underlying the scale (e.g. theoretical framework, psychometric properties). 相似文献
136.
Online video games are social spaces for players from around the world. They use this space to form communities, relationships, and identities. However, gaming communities are not always welcoming, and some are even perceived as being “toxic.” A prevalent issue is online sexual harassment, which is keeping many women from participating in the gaming community. Research on the factors contributing to the problem is limited, though. The present study replicates and expands previous research, using a sample of 856 online gamers. The study supports earlier findings that found hostile sexism and social dominance orientation as predictors of sexual harassment perpetration in online video games. In addition, we expanded the previous research with additional predictors: machiavellianism, psychopathy, and gamer identification predicted higher sexual harassment perpetration. Our results have implications for the gaming community's role in curtailing sexual harassment and making itself a more inclusive community. 相似文献
137.
Thorsten Meiser Hansjörg Plieninger Mirka Henninger 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2019,72(3):501-516
IRTree models decompose observed rating responses into sequences of theory-based decision nodes, and they provide a flexible framework for analysing trait-related judgements and response styles. However, most previous applications of IRTree models have been limited to binary decision nodes that reflect qualitatively distinct and unidimensional judgement processes. The present research extends the family of IRTree models for the analysis of response styles to ordinal judgement processes for polytomous decisions and to multidimensional parametrizations of decision nodes. The integration of ordinal judgement processes overcomes the limitation to binary nodes, and it allows researchers to test whether decisions reflect qualitatively distinct response processes or gradual steps on a joint latent continuum. The extension to multidimensional node models enables researchers to specify multiple judgement processes that simultaneously affect the decision between competing response options. Empirical applications highlight the roles of extreme and midpoint response style in rating judgements and show that judgement processes are moderated by different response formats. Model applications with multidimensional decision nodes reveal that decisions among rating categories are jointly informed by trait-related processes and response styles. 相似文献
138.
Cognitive processes in stereotype formation: the role of correct contingency learning for biased group judgments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Three studies investigated contingency learning and stereotype formation in a scenario about group membership and behavior with a confounding context factor. The studies tested predictions from theoretical accounts of biased group judgments in terms of simplistic reasoning, parallel distributed memory, and pseudocontingencies. Study 1 revealed a positive correlation between erroneous stereotype formation and learning of the true contingencies with the confounding factor. Study 2 showed that a focus manipulation during encoding moderated the correlation between stereotype formation and contingency learning but not the strength of the erroneous stereotype. Study 3 used a quasiexperimental comparison between participants with biased versus unbiased group judgments and extended the findings of a positive relation between stereotype formation and contingency learning. The results support an explanation of biased group judgments by pseudocontingencies; that is, unwarranted inferences from accurately perceived bivariate correlations in complex environments. 相似文献
139.
Event-based prospective memory is the ability to remember to execute an intention when an environmental cue occurs. It has been argued that, due to their special meaning, these cues are discrepant from their environment and therefore are sometimes spontaneously noticed. In line with this assumption, the likelihood that an intention will be executed increases with increased cue-discrepancy. It is not yet clear, however, whether these improvements are due to facilitated spontaneous noticing rather than to an increase in the efficiency of controlled cue-processing. To further investigate the spontaneous nature of cue-discrepancy benefits, we presented participants with stimuli that were unrelated to the intention but discrepant from other stimuli. Therefore, we experimentally increased the processing fluency of some stimuli for participants currently holding an intention by using different priming procedures. We found that stimuli whose fluency was increased via spaced repeated stimulus presentation (Experiment 1) or via short pre-exposure (Experiment 2a to 3) elicited a tendency to fulfill the intention despite its actual inappropriateness. Findings were inconsistent as to whether cue-memory uncertainty fosters the reliance on cue discrepancy for intention retrieval (Experiments 2a and 3). Taken together, the present findings provide converging evidence for a spontaneous discrepancy-based prospective-memory process which works independent of controlled processes. 相似文献
140.