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161.
Nat Hansen 《Synthese》2013,190(10):1771-1792
This paper considers ways that experimental design can affect judgments about informally presented context shifting experiments. Reasons are given to think that judgments about informal context shifting experiments are affected by an exclusive reliance on binary truth value judgments and by experimenter bias. Exclusive reliance on binary truth value judgments may produce experimental artifacts by obscuring important differences of degree between the phenomena being investigated. Experimenter bias is an effect generated when, for example, experimenters disclose (even unconsciously) their own beliefs about the outcome of an experiment. Eliminating experimenter bias from context shifting experiments makes it far less obvious what the “intuitive” responses to those experiments are. After it is shown how those different kinds of bias can affect judgments about informal context shifting experiments, those experiments are revised to control for those forms of bias. The upshot of these investigations is that participants in the contextualist debate who employ informal experiments should pay just as much attention to the design of their experiments as those who employ more formal experimental techniques if they want to avoid obscuring the phenomena they aim to uncover. 相似文献
162.
Tine Heede Hanne Runge Ole Jakob Storeb⊘ Eva Rowley Kim Gabriel Hansen 《Journal of Child Psychotherapy》2013,39(3):276-289
This article refers to the results of a prospective effect evaluation study of three psychodynamic milieu-therapeutic institutions for children, which included cognitive and projective testing. After introducing milieu-therapy and explaining its roots in psychoanalytic and developmental thinking, the specific results of the research evaluation are outlined. It is found that environmental therapy is very efficient on the level of ego-functioning, but concern is expressed in regards to the relational abilities of the children. These findings are discussed in relation to the practical, organisational and theoretical principles of the actual treatment in order to find ways to improve our understanding of how milieu-therapy works and how it can be improved. Finally, we discuss the ways in which recent theoretical and empiric research emphasising the importance of the affect regulation and mentalisation can contribute to the psychoanalytic theories in the milieu-therapy. 相似文献
163.
In many practical situations, learners are provided with feedback in the form of knowledge of results (KR) by a peer. However, when peers provide KR is currently unknown. When given the opportunity to request KR in a self-controlled manner, some participants have reported a preference for requesting KR after good performances. Alternatively, peers may provide KR in a different fashion. Subsequently, a discrepancy between the learner's desire to receive KR and when a peer provides KR may arise. In our study, peer- and self-controlled KR schedules were compared. Participants were peers who controlled KR (PC; 8), learners with peers (P-L; 8), or learners with self-control (SC; 8). Participants in the two learning groups (P-L and SC groups) completed a serial-timing task with a goal time of 2500 ms. Absolute error data on KR and no-KR trials along with self-reports indicate that participants with self-control preferred KR after good trials and peers preferred to provide KR after both good and bad trials equally. Results from the delayed retention test indicated that peer-controlled learners were more consistent (i.e., in terms of variable error) than the self-control group. 相似文献
164.
Guillermo Hansen 《Dialog》2010,49(2):96-107
Abstract : Three themes structure Lutheranism's interpretation of the biblical narrative as it intersects with the present challenges of Empire: justification by faith as a declaration of inclusiveness; God's threefold‐multidimensional action creating and sustaining democratic practices (two kingdoms); and the cross as the critical ‘weapon’ against the ‘glory’ of Empire. This implies placing our theology within the present cultural and religious debate in a way consistent with the methodology of the cross: a theology done from the bowels of Empire, revealing its true face behind its alleged ‘benevolent’ mask. 相似文献
165.
In four experiments, the impact of concreteness of language on judgments of truth was examined. In Experiments 1 and 2, it was found that statements of the very same content were judged as more probably true when they were written in concrete language than when they were written in abstract language. Findings of Experiment 2 also showed that this linguistic concreteness effect on judgments of truth could most likely be attributed to greater perceived vividness of concrete compared to abstract statements. Two further experiments demonstrated an additional fit effect: The truth advantage of concrete statements occurred especially when participants were primed with a concrete (vs. abstract) mind-set (Experiment 3) or when the statements were presented in a spatially proximal (vs. distant) location (Experiment 4). Implications for communication strategies are discussed. 相似文献
166.
Previous study indicates that target–target inhibition of return (IOR) is not restricted to a single nervous system. Specifically,
watching another person perform a goal-directed aiming movement engages similar inhibitory processes on a subsequent aiming
attempt as if having performed the preceding movement oneself. This between-person effect has been attributed to the mirror
neuron system. In the study reported here, we replicated this finding and examined the relative importance of automatic stimulus
alerting events and action–observation by dissociating these two influences. This was done by having two people alternately
perform sets of two aiming trials to the same equally probable targets. Under some experimental conditions, one or both of
the performers moved to a non-illuminated target. In this way, we dissociated the stimulus and observed event under some between-person
conditions. Although IOR was greatest when the stimulus and observed events were compatible, both contributed to the between-person
inhibitory processes slowing the responses (Experiment 1). The impact of observing another person perform an aiming movement
appears to have more to do with realizing a particular spatial goal than seeing the biological motion associated with achieving
that goal (Experiment 2). Findings that both the illumination of a visual target signal and the observation of another person’s
action engage similar attention–action processes are consistent with action-based accounts of visual selective attention. 相似文献
167.
Kevin A. Hommel Kelly L. McGraw Robert T. Ammerman James E. Heubi Molly Hansen Ellen Dunlap Deborah C. Beidel 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2010,17(2):159-166
The current study examined the prevalence and presentation of psychosocial symptoms in pediatric patients and their parents
presenting for first time appointments at a gastroenterology (GI) clinic compared to healthy controls (HC). One hundred GI
patients, aged 8-17 years, and their mothers were compared to 100 age- and gender-matched HC on measures of child and parental
behavioral/psychosocial functioning, depression, and anxiety. Results revealed significant correlations between mother- and
child-reported internalizing behaviors and psychological symptoms. Significant group differences were observed in internalizing
problems, adaptive and social skills, and leadership competency, as well as parental interpersonal sensitivity, depression,
phobic anxiety, and number of psychological symptoms. GI patients are at increased risk for psychosocial and social dysfunction
compared to healthy peers. Psychosocial factors should be considered when assessing patients in GI clinics. Patients might
benefit from treatment plans that involve adjunctive behavioral intervention to assist patients in managing their conditions. 相似文献
168.
169.
According to dual-process theories of memory, "old" responses in recognition may reflect the separate or combined effects of two states, specific recollection and feelings of nonspecific familiarity. When decisions are based on familiarity, people may attribute enhanced perceptual fluency to memory for prior occurrence. In this experiment, we tested whether a subliminal somatic cue (a low-amplitude buzz) could enhance feelings of familiarity. The buzz increased the likelihood that participants responded "old," both correctly and incorrectly. This effect occurred only with subjectively difficult stimuli, those relatively unlikely to elicit clear recollection. When a stronger control buzz was used, the effect vanished. Results for confidence ratings were consistent with Whittlesea's SCAPE theory, producing a dissociation between hits and false alarms. Specifically, the buzz reduced confidence in hits and increased confidence in false alarms, in accord with the most likely attributions for the feelings of familiarity associated with the buzz. 相似文献
170.
Nadya Dich Åse Marie Hansen Kirsten Avlund Rikke Lund Erik Lykke Mortensen Helle Bruunsgaard 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(4):372-390
Background and Objectives: Previous research indicates that early life adversity may heighten stress reactivity and impair mechanisms for adaptive coping, suggesting that experience of stress in early life may also potentiate adults' physiological vulnerability to stress in later life. The study tested this hypothesis by investigating whether the experience of stressful events and circumstances (SEC) in childhood or adolescence amplified the effect of adulthood SEC on physiological dysregulation (allostatic load, AL) in later midlife. Design: Observational data were used in the present study. Physiological functioning was measured in later midlife (participants' age ranged from 49 to 63 years). Both childhood/adolescence and adulthood SEC were reported retrospectively on the same occasion. Methods: Participants were 5309 Danish men and women from Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB). SEC included socioeconomic and family factors. The AL index was based on nine cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune biomarkers. Results: Experience of SEC in both early life and adulthood independently predicted higher AL. In men, experience of SEC in early life also potentiated the effect of SEC in adulthood on AL. Conclusions: The results provide further insight into the mechanisms behind the “biological embedding” of childhood stress. 相似文献