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221.
Pavlidis George Hansen Thomas Motel-Klingebiel Andreas Aartsen Marja 《Applied research in quality of life》2022,17(5):2859-2875
Applied Research in Quality of Life - This study examined from a gender-sensitive perspective the associations of exclusion from social relations (ESR) with the quality of life (QoL) of excluded... 相似文献
222.
223.
Jörg Hansen 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2014,43(5):965-977
In a series of articles, P. Vranas recently proposed a new imperative logic. The strong and weak inferences of this logic are motivated by an appeal to a strong and weak ‘support by reasons’ that transfers from the premisses of an argument to its conclusion. They also combine nonmonotonic and monotonic reasoning patterns. I show that for any moral agent, Vranas’s proposal can be simplified enormously. 相似文献
224.
Asle M. Sandvik Anita L. Hansen Bjørn Helge Johnsen Jon Christian Laberg 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2014,55(6):585-592
The capacity to interpret others people's behavior and mental states is a vital part of human social communication. This ability, also called mentalizing or Theory of Mind (ToM), may also serve as a protective factor against aggression and antisocial behavior. This study investigates the relationship between two measures of psychopathy (clinical assessment and self‐report) and the ability to identify mental states from photographs of the eye region. The participants in the study were 92 male inmates at Bergen prison, Norway. The results showed some discrepancy in connection to assessment methodology. For the self‐report (SRP‐III), we found an overall negative association between mental state discrimination and psychopathy, while for the clinical instrument (PCL‐R) the results were more mixed. For Factor 1 psychopathic traits (interpersonal and affective), we found positive associations with discrimination of neutral mental states, but not with the positive or negative mental states. Factor 2 traits (antisocial lifestyle) were found to be negatively associated with discrimination of mental states. The results from this study demonstrate a heterogeneity in the psychopathic construct where psychopathic traits related to an antisocial and impulsive lifestyle are associated with lower ability to recognize others' mental states, while interpersonal and affective psychopathic traits are associated with a somewhat enhanced ability to recognize others' emotional states. 相似文献
225.
Walid Briki Julie Doron Keith D. Markman Ruud J. R. Den Hartigh Christophe Gernigon 《Motivation and emotion》2014,38(2):263-269
The present study compared virtual actors’ and observers’ perceptions of positive and negative psychological momentum (PM) and their responses to sudden interruptions of momentum. Participants with experience playing competitive table tennis imagined that they were playing a table tennis game (virtual actors), whereas participants who lacked experience playing competitive table tennis imagined that they were observing a table tennis game (observers). While viewing an audiovisual simulation of a table tennis match, participants were exposed to either an ascending (i.e., positive momentum) or descending (i.e., negative momentum) scoring sequence that was either suddenly interrupted or not interrupted at all. Participants’ PM perceptions were measured at the conclusion of the simulation. Results indicated that observers’ PM perceptions were lower than were virtual actors’ following the negative momentum sequence. More generally, interrupting positive momentum lowered PM perceptions, whereas interrupting negative momentum increased PM perceptions. Implications for the study of PM in sport are discussed. 相似文献
226.
Henrik Thorén 《国际科学哲学研究》2014,28(3):303-324
In sustainability research and elsewhere, the notion of resilience is attracting growing interest and causing heated debate. Those focusing on resilience often emphasize its potential to bridge, integrate, and unify disciplines. This article attempts to evaluate these claims. Resilience is investigated as it appears in several fields, including materials science, psychology, ecology, and sustainability science. It is argued that two different concepts of resilience are in play: one local, the other global. The former refers to the ability to return to some reference state after a disturbance, the latter the maintenance of some property during a disturbance. An implication of this analysis is that the various uses of the resilience concept are more closely related than has been previously been suggested. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a preference towards using highly abstract versions of the concept. This explains the apparent context insensitivity of the concept, but presents a problem for those hoping to establish a research programme based on it. 相似文献
227.
Jens Christian Bjerring Jens Ulrik Hansen Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen 《Synthese》2014,191(11):2445-2470
Pluralistic ignorance is a socio-psychological phenomenon that involves a systematic discrepancy between people’s private beliefs and public behavior in certain social contexts. Recently, pluralistic ignorance has gained increased attention in formal and social epistemology. But to get clear on what precisely a formal and social epistemological account of pluralistic ignorance should look like, we need answers to at least the following two questions: What exactly is the phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance? And can the phenomenon arise among perfectly rational agents? In this paper, we propose answers to both these questions. First, we characterize different versions of pluralistic ignorance and define the version that we claim most adequately captures the examples cited as paradigmatic cases of pluralistic ignorance in the literature. In doing so, we will stress certain key epistemic and social interactive aspects of the phenomenon. Second, given our characterization of pluralistic ignorance, we argue that the phenomenon can indeed arise in groups of perfectly rational agents. This, in turn, ensures that the tools of formal epistemology can be fully utilized to reason about pluralistic ignorance. 相似文献
228.
Over the last decade, the popularity of Bayesian data analysis in the empirical sciences has greatly increased. This is partly
due to the availability of WinBUGS, a free and flexible statistical software package that comes with an array of predefined
functions and distributions, allowing users to build complex models with ease. For many applications in the psychological
sciences, however, it is highly desirable to be able to define one’s own distributions and functions. This functionality is
available through the WinBUGS Development Interface (WBDev). This tutorial illustrates the use of WBDev by means of concrete
examples, featuring the expectancyvalence model for risky behavior in decision making, and the shifted Wald distribution of
response times in speeded choice. 相似文献
229.
In the horizontal-vertical illusion (HVI), the length of the vertical line is overestimated, whereas in the bisection illusion (BI), the horizontal bisecting line is expected to be overestimated. Here, only half of our 22 observers showed the expected BI, whereas the other half underestimated the bisecting line. Observers also differed in their judgments of the strength of the HVI: The HVI was stronger for observers showing the classical bisection effect, and weaker or absent for those underestimating the bisecting line. To account for these results, we used a linear model to individually estimate the strength of two putative factors underlying both illusions. Whereas the strength of the HVI and BI were highly correlated, the estimated factors were uncorrelated. Therefore, in two control experiments, we then measured the pure horizontal-vertical (pHVI) and bisection (pBI) illusions. A significant correlation between the estimated factors and the measured illusion variants was found. Results were robust against variations of contrast, repetitive presentations, and choice of adjusted line. Thus, the classical HVI as an additive combination of two independent factors was confirmed, but we found considerable interindividual variations in the strength of the illusions. The results stress the importance of analyzing individual data rather than taking sample means for understanding these illusions. 相似文献
230.
Visual regulation of upper limb movements occurs throughout the trajectory and is not confined to discrete control in the
target area. Early control is based on the dynamic relationship between the limb, the target, and the environment. Despite
robust outcome differences between protocols involving visual manipulations, it remains difficult to identify the kinematic
events that characterize these differences. In this study, participants performed manual aiming movements with and without
vision. We compared several traditional approaches to movement analysis with two new methods of quantifying online limb regulation.
As expected, participants undershot the target and their movement endpoints were more variable when vision was not available.
Although traditional measures such as reaction time, time after peak velocity, and the presence of discontinuities in acceleration
were sensitive to the visual manipulation, measures quantifying the trial-to-trial spatial variability throughout the trajectory
were the most effective in isolating the time course of online regulation. 相似文献