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831.
The objective was to investigate intentional and unintentional nonadherence to anti-HIV treatment regimens from a decision-making perspective. The participants (n?=?117) being treated with anti-HIV medication completed a questionnaire asking about nonadherence; reasons for and against taking the medication; and medical consultation style. Thirty-three participants (29%) reported intentionally missing or altering doses of medication at least 5% of the time; 59 participants (50%) reported forgetting to take medication at least 5% of the time. Intentional nonadherence was associated with the balance of the perceived benefits and losses of taking medication, and extent to which participants were 'prepared for the effects of the medication'. Unintentional nonadherence was associated with demographic and clinical variables. The research highlights the importance of (i) treating intentional and unintentional nonadherence as separate entities; (ii) assessing individuals' idiosyncratic beliefs and internal logic when considering intentional nonadherence; and (iii) ensuring that individuals feel prepared for the effects of their medications. 相似文献
832.
Anna?SzékelyEmail author Simonetta?D’Amico Antonella?Devescovi Kara?Federmeier Dan?Herron Gowri?Iyer Thomas?Jacobsen Elizabeth?Bates 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(4):621-633
Factors affecting word retrieval were compared in a timed picture-naming paradigm for 520 drawings of objects. In prior timed
and untimed studies by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) and Snodgrass and Yuditsky (1996), concerns were raised that participants
could not reliably name large numbers of items in a single session. We show that reliable results are obtained in a single
session for 520 items and validate our method against previous findings by Snodgrass and colleagues for overlapping items.
For these items, comparable levels of name agreement and latency are obtained, and we replicate effects of length, frequency,
both objective and subjective age of acquisition, and visual complexity on reaction time (RT) and name agreement measures.
Name agreement is unaffected by order of presentation, although there is a gradual increase in RTs across the session, requiring
use of multiple random orders. Current extensions of our method include cross-linguistic, bilingual, developmental, and neuropsychological
studies and comparisons of action naming and object naming. 相似文献
833.
There is growing dissatisfaction with a dichotomized "anger-in" versus "anger-out" view of anger coping. Three studies using student and community adultsamples revealed a broader understanding of the nature of anger coping styles and led to the development of the new Behavioral Anger Response Questionnaire (BARQ). The BARQ is empirically derived and factorially validated and has good psychometrics. Results suggest that dichotomizing anger responses as "in" versus "out" is too coarse and that a 6-factor model may be more appropriate. The 6 factors identified here are Direct Anger-Out, Assertion, Support-Seeking, Diffusion, Avoidance, and Rumination. Women reported use of a wider range of anger coping styles, especially more social support-seeking and more use of anger diffusion strategies than men. 相似文献
834.
All current models of visual whole report processing assume perceptual independence among the displayed items in which the perceptual processing of individual items is not affected by other items in the display. However, models proposed by Townsend (1981, Acta Psychologica 47, 149-173), Shibuya and Bundesen (1988, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 14, 591-600), and Bundesen (1990, Psychological Review 97, 523-547) contain postperceptual buffers that must predict negative dependencies. The perceptual-independence assumption forms what we term the modal model class. A recent example of a model that assumes perceptual independence is the Independent Sampling Model of Loftus, Busey, and Senders (1993, Perception and Psychophysics 54, 535-554). The fundamental independence assumption has only been directly tested once before, where tests revealed no dependencies except those produced by guessing. The present study tests the independence assumption using several different statistics and, contrary to most extant models of whole report, finds significant positive dependence. Poisson models do predict a positive dependence and we develop a succinctly parameterized version, the Weighted Path Poisson Model, which allows the finishing order to be a weighted probabilistic mechanism. However, it does not predict the data quite as well as a new model, the Variable Attention Model, which allows independence within trials (unlike the Poisson models). This model assumes that attention (or, potentially, other aspects such as signal quality) varies widely across trials, thus predicting an overall positive dependence. Intuitions for and against the competing models are discussed. In addition, we show, through mimicking formulae, that models which contain the proper qualitative type of dependence structure can be cast in either serial or parallel form. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. 相似文献
835.
This study examines relationships between three central human concepts. From national probability samples of adults in the United States and in Singapore, we measured happiness, materialism (operationalized as the three sub-scales of possession-defined success, acquisition centrality, and acquisition as the pursuit of happiness), and religious experience (using three scales measuring intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity, and religion as quest). It was expected and found that happiness is negatively related to overall materialism in both the US and in Singapore, although happiness" relationship with the three materialism sub-scales was mixed. We observed that adults in Singapore are less happy and more materialistic than those in the US It was expected that happiness would have a positive relationship with intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity, but a negative relationship with religion as quest. Though our results largely support these hypotheses, they produce some unexpected differences between the two countries and across the three religiosity dimensions. We conclude that happiness is not associated with people's material accumulation but with their perceived inner world. And happy people see their religion not so much as something they do as what they are. 相似文献
836.
Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: effects of self-focus and analytic thinking 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Previous research has shown that, compared with a rumination induction, a brief distraction procedure reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression. The authors investigated whether this effect depends on reductions in analytic thinking or reductions in self-focus. Focus of attention (high vs. low self-focus) and thinking style (high vs. low analytical thinking) were independently manipulated in depressed patients in a 2 x 2 design. Autobiographical recall was measured pre- and postmanipulation. Thinking style significantly affected overgeneral memory, whereas focus of attention significantly affected despondent mood. Reducing analytical self-focus reduced overgeneral memory, suggesting that high levels of naturally occurring ruminative analytic thinking may be important in the maintenance of overgeneral memory. Overgeneral memory in depression may be associated with chronic ruminative attempts to make sense of current or past difficulties. 相似文献
837.
Given recent court decisions, there is a need to investigate less common forms of sexual harassment, including women harassing men and same-gender harassment. The present study was a 2 (harasser gender) x 2 (target gender) x 2 (participant gender) factorial design in which 408 mock jurors made decisions in a hostile work environment case. Women harassing men were more likely to be found guilty than were men harassing women, and harassers in same-gender cases were more likely to be found guilty and were perceived more negatively than harassers in cross-gender cases. Participant gender differences were found in cross-gender, but not same-gender, conditions. Results suggest that the gender composition of the harasser and target may be an extralegal factor influencing managerial and juror decision making. 相似文献
838.
William T. Ross 《Journal of Aging and Identity》2001,6(2):67-76
Bertrand Russell, one of the twentieth century's leading philosophers, lived to be ninety-eight, spending his last decade as a vigorous and often unpopular political activist. His generally sympathetic biographers tend to view this last decade through the prism of senility, but the only justification for this judgment would appear to be the objective fact of Russell's age. Almost identical behaviors from his younger years are never attributed to mental shortcomings. The treatment of Russell suggests that biographers are susceptible to powerful, distorting, and fictive predispositions as they shape their subjects' later years. 相似文献
839.
Sherman Allen C. Plante Thomas G. Simonton Stephanie Adams Dawn C. Burris S. Kaay Harbison Casey 《Pastoral Psychology》1999,48(2):129-141
Growing attention has focused on the relationship between religiosity and health outcomes. However, research has been constrained by the limited availability of measures suitable for use with medical patients. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSORF) in two well-defined samples of medical patients, representing a range of illness severity: 1) 175 women seen at a gynecology clinic; and 2) 104 cancer patients treated at a bone marrow transplantation program. Evidence for convergent validity was demonstrated by moderately high correlations with other measures of religious involvement. Divergent validity was demonstrated by small associations with social desirability. The measure was not strongly associated with demographic background or medical variables. Modest correlations with conceptually-related measures commonly used in health research (e.g., social support, optimism, existential meaning, purpose in life) further supported the divergent validity of the instrument. Results suggest that this may be a useful, concise measure for assessing religious involvement in medical patients. 相似文献
840.