面孔线索对4~6岁幼儿真人与卡通面孔记忆的影响

对真人面孔与卡通面孔记忆线索的比较研究,有助于深入认识儿童的面孔认知机制。采用“学习-再认”范式,以内部线索面孔、外部线索面孔和完整面孔为刺激材料,探究面孔线索对4~6岁幼儿真人与卡通面孔记忆的影响。结果发现：（1）女童对真人面孔的记忆显著优于卡通;（2）对卡通面孔的记忆,男童显著优于女童;（3）对真人面孔：完整面孔记忆显著优于内部线索面孔与外部线索面孔;对卡通面孔：外部线索面孔记忆最佳,其次完整面孔,内部线索面孔最低;（4）幼儿对外部与内部线索面孔的记忆能力随年龄逐步提高,6岁显著优于4岁。综上,幼儿对真人面孔与卡通面孔的记忆模式存在差异;且面孔类别、性别、面孔线索与年龄等因素均影响幼儿的面孔记忆。     

SC-IAT范式下中学生良心的内隐性

目的:研究探讨了单类内隐联想测验(Single Category Implicit Association Test,SC-IAT)测量中学生良心的可行性,并分析内隐良心和外显良心的关系。方法:采用E-prime3.0软件编制SC-IAT良心测量程序,测量了中学生内隐良心; 采用青少年良心问卷测量了中学生的外显良心,并运用相关技术分析两者之间的关系。结果:SC-IAT实验中,中学生良心的内隐效应显著,且不存在性别、独生与否、学段、家庭结构、家庭所在地等人口统计学指标上的显著差异; 内隐良心与外显良心之间的相关不显著。结论:(1)中学生良心存在积极内隐效应;(2)外显良心和内隐良心相互分离,是两个不同的建构。     

Female Offenders Under Community Supervision: A Phenomenological Analysis

In this phenomenological study, we examined the lived experiences of 10 female offenders under community supervision. Findings include five essential themes. We propose clinical implications and actionable service recommendations for clinical mental health counselors working with this population.     

Selective Mutism and Its Relations to Social Anxiety Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

In current classification systems, selective mutism (SM) is included in the broad anxiety disorders category. Indeed, there is abundant evidence showing that anxiety, and social anxiety in particular, is a prominent feature of SM. In this article, we point out that autism spectrum problems in addition to anxiety problems are sometimes also implicated in SM. To build our case, we summarize evidence showing that SM, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are allied clinical conditions and share communalities in the realm of social difficulties. Following this, we address the role of a prototypical class of ASD symptoms, restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBIs), which are hypothesized to play a special role in the preservation and exacerbation of social difficulties. We then substantiate our point that SM is sometimes more than an anxiety disorder by addressing its special link with ASD in more detail. Finally, we close by noting that the possible involvement of ASD in SM has a number of consequences for clinical practice with regard to its classification, assessment, and treatment of children with SM and highlight a number of directions for future research.

     

Pigeons are attracted to a perceived gain without an actual gain

Reference dependence refers to the reduced value of a reward that is less than expected, or the added value of a reward that is greater than expected. There is evidence that when pigeons are offered an alternative that has 1 pellet versus an alternative that has 2 pellets, but one of the two pellets offered will be removed, the pigeons prefer the originally presented 1 pellet (loss aversion). In the present research, we tested for the opposite effect (gain attraction). In Experiments 1 and 2, pigeons could choose between 2 pellets, each one on a distinctive background. If they chose the optimal alternative, they received a second pellet. In Experiment 2, the second pellet obtained was the one not initially chosen (a task sometimes referred to as the ephemeral reward task). Pigeons learned to choose optimally in both experiments. In Experiment 3, we tested the pigeons for reference dependence. Pigeons were given an alternative that offered them one pellet or two pellets, if they chose the one-pellet alternative, they received an additional pellet, and if they chose the two-pellet alternative, they received the two pellets. In keeping with the reference dependence hypothesis, the pigeons preferred the 1-pellet alternative that gave them an extra pellet. These effects are related to similar findings with humans, including the endowment effect.

     

The Relativistic Car: Applying Metaethics to the Debate about Self-Driving Vehicles

Almost all participants in the debate about the ethics of accidents with self-driving cars have so far assumed moral universalism. However, universalism may be philosophically more controversial than is commonly thought, and may lead to undesirable results in terms of non-moral consequences and feasibility. There thus seems to be a need to also start considering what I refer to as the “relativistic car” — a car that is programmed under the assumption that what is morally right, wrong, good, bad, etc. is determined by the moral beliefs of one’s society or culture. My investigation of this idea involves six steps. First, I explain why and how the moral universalism/relativism debate is relevant to the issue of self-driving cars. Second, I argue that there are good reasons to consider accident algorithms that assume relativism. Third, I outline how a relativistic car would be programmed to behave. Fourth, I address what advantages such a car would have, both in terms of its non-moral consequences and feasibility. Fifth, I address the relativistic car’s disadvantages. Finally, I qualify and conclude my considerations.

     

Introduction to the Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spatial Cognition: Cognition and Action in a Plurality of Spaces (ICSC 2021)

Cognitive Processing -     

Academic Dishonesty or Academic Integrity? Using Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques to Investigate Positive Integrity in Academic Integrity Research

Journal of Academic Ethics - Is academic integrity research presented from a positive integrity standpoint? This paper uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to explore a data set of...     

从一个题词想到的

最近,一位名牌大学的毕业生告诉我,他们大学前任党委书记、现任发展委员会主席于去年9月2日慕名参访了某宗教场所,并欣然题词:“弘扬佛法,力创和谐。”他还告诉我,很多宗教网站都报道了这则新闻。后来,我点击了这则新闻,这位发展委员会主席是到一个计划单列市考察工作时慕名参访宗教场所的。他依次参观了新山门牌楼、新鼓楼、各主要殿堂及文物室,对其建筑成就、塑像风格、文物档次及文化建设等十分赞赏。在饶有兴致地听完介绍后,他谈了自己的认识并题词。目前,我国经济、文化领域出现了多元现象,社会环境宽松了,公民的自由度增加了。这当然…