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The pathetic fallacy: An observer error in social perception 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Stimulus factors in aversive controls: conditioned suppression after equal training to two stimuli 下载免费PDF全文
Howard S. Hoffman Warren L. Selekman Morton Fleshler 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1966,9(6):649-653
Pigeons trained to peck a key for food were periodically presented with tones ending with electrical shock until tone presentation consistently suppressed ongoing pecks. Shock was then discontinued and gradients of stimulus generalization were assessed by presenting tones with frequencies above, below, and at the frequencies of those used to develop conditioned suppression. When the training tones had frequencies at 670 and 1500 cps, resulting gradients were bi-modal with peak suppression at 670 and 1500 cps. Of the other test tones, 1000 cps produced the most suppression. When the training tones had frequencies at 450 and 2250 cps, bi-modal gradients were again obtained with peak suppression to the 450 and 2250 cps tones. Of the other test tones, 1000 cps produced the least suppression. These results support the hypothesis that generalized response tendencies summate. 相似文献
86.
This study was designed to determine the relationships between changes in academic performance and intellective and non-intellective factors. Seventh grade students attending five junior high schools, who had attended selected elementary schools, were tested with the Personal Values Inventory (PVI), a test of academic motivation, shortly after the first seventh-grade marking period. School marks at that marking period and those received the previous year were procured from a self-report included in the PVI. All students had taken the California Achievement Test Battery and Mental Maturity Test as well as the Scholastic Testing Service Work-Study Skills Test in the sixth grade. Factor analysis identified four factors in both boys and girls: intelligence-achievement, academic motivation, academic plans, and youth-culture involvement. While intelligence was found to be mainly unrelated to the criterion, the non-intellective factors, especially academic motivation, bore significant relationships to the changed performance. 相似文献
87.
Morton Wagman 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1966,44(8):794-801
This investigation of 132 University of Illinois undergraduate women who indicated that they were planning either for a career or homemaking role had three purposes: (a) to cross-validate Hoyt and Kennedy's findings of the measured interests of career and homemaking oriented women; (b) to compare the general values of the two groups; and, (c) to discover differentiated patterns of values and interests. Statistically significant results were: career oriented women higher on the Study of Values theoretical, and Strong Vocational Interest Blank lawyer, psychologist, and physician scales; homemaking oriented women higher on the religious, housewife, home economics teacher, and dietician scales. The results support Hoyt and Kennedy's findings. Four distinctive interest-value patterns were discovered. The results were discussed and precautions for their counseling use were indicated. 相似文献
88.
Thomas E. Edgar 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1966,44(10):1025-1029
Two recommendations from a recent statement of standards for counselor education are examined for underlying philosophical assumptions. The first recommendation, that counselors should possess ability for and conduct scientific research, assumes that the counseling process is lawful and orderly, that theoretical concepts can be operationally defined and that empirically testable predictions can be derived from counseling theories. A second recommendation suggests that counselors-in-training be selectively admitted and retained. Underlying this recommendation is the assumption that counseling is a process of influence that can be evaluated. Such evaluation must be based on conditions outside the counseling relationship, in the social context of the life of the client. The serious implications of these assumptions are illustrated and discussed. 相似文献
89.
Judgments of the location of short bursts of noise in sentences were used to reveal perceptual segmentation of sentences. It was assumed that segmentation would correspond to major constituent boundaries. In order to control for correlated variables of pitch and intonation, identical acoustic material was provided with alternate constituent structures. It was found that differences in response to identical strings were predicted by the points of variation in constituent structure. 相似文献
90.
Recall of auditory narrative material was measured under three conditions of presentation. These were a single source condition with material from one speaker, a four source fixed sequence condition with material from four speakers in a fixed sequence of 3-sec. lengths, and a four source random condition with material from four speakers in a random sequence of 3-sec. lengths. Recall was better for the single source condition than for the four source conditions. No significant difference was found between the fixed and random sequential presentations. Results are discussed in terms of the attentional behaviors involved in the tasks. 相似文献