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961.
Adaptive self-regulatory responses to negative events are associated with good mental health, social functioning, and physical
health. Two forms of emotion regulation that have received attention within the context of anger are cognitive reappraisal
and expressive suppression. Research suggests that greater heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological indicator of adaptive
emotion regulation and decreased mental load. In the present experiment, we recorded HRV while 131 undergraduate women viewed
an anger-inducing video of a fellow student arguing for a position counter to that of the participant on an important political
issue. Immediately prior to viewing, participants were instructed to reappraise, suppress their emotions, or simply watch
the video as normal. Participants in the reappraisal condition showed increased HRV whereas those in the suppression and control
condition showed no such increase. These results provide support for increased HRV as a biological correlate of adaptive emotion
regulation. One implication is that cognitive reappraisal might afford greater autonomic flexibility when an individual is
confronted with anger-inducing events. 相似文献
962.
The present study assessed preferential attentional processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli in two procedures, Search and
Interference tasks, which have been suggested to reflect on attentional capture due to the fear-relevance of the stimuli presented.
In the Search task, participants (N = 154) searched fear-relevant (i.e., snakes and spiders) and non fear-relevant (i.e.,
fish and birds) backgrounds to determine the presence or absence of a deviant animal from the opposite category. In the Interference
task, the same participants searched for the presence or absence of a neutral target (a cat) when either a snake, spider or
no distracter were embedded amongst backgrounds of other animal stimuli. Replicating previous findings, preferential attentional
processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli was evident in both procedures and participants who specifically feared one animal
but not the other showed enhanced preferential processing of their feared fear-relevant animal. However, across the entire
sample, there was no relationship between self-reported levels of animal fear and preferential processing which may reflect
on the fact that substantial preferential attentional processing of fear-relevant animals was evident in the entire sample.
Also, preferential attentional processing as assessed in the two tasks was not related. Delayed disengagement from fear-relevant
stimuli appeared to underlie performance in the search task but not in the interference task. 相似文献
963.
Goal orientation theory is concerned with performance and learning goals in academic, athletic, and other ability areas. Here
we examine performance and learning goals for emotion regulation. We define performance goals for emotion regulation as seeking
to prove one’s ability to manage emotions; learning goals for emotion regulation are defined as seeking to improve one’s ability to manage emotions. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that performance goals for emotion regulation
would be associated with greater use of defensive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms. Results from both
studies showed that individuals with greater performance goals for emotion regulation reported higher levels of rumination
and thought suppression and greater depressive symptoms, while individuals with greater learning goals reported greater use
of cognitive reappraisal. The findings suggest that goals for emotion regulation may help explain individual differences in
use of defensive versus constructive emotion regulation strategies. 相似文献
964.
Considering the phenomenology of flow experience reflects attentional processes, Nakamura and Csikszentmihalyi (Handbook of
positive psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002) classified the components of flow experience into proximal conditions and the characteristics of a subjective state while
being in flow. The present study was conducted to clarify the concept of flow through examination of the interrelationships
among the components from a process-related perspective. A total of 1,048 participants completed the Japanese versions of
the Flow State Scale-2 (Kawabata et al. in Psychol Sport Exerc 9:465–485, 2008), and based on their scores, 591 respondents were considered to be in a flow state during their physical activity. A proposed
higher-order confirmatory factor model and a full structural equation model were tested for the flow respondents. The results
of the higher-order model indicated that the 9 flow factors were empirically classified into the flow state and its proximal
condition. Furthermore, the outcomes of the full structural model preliminarily supported the hypothesized sequential relationships
among flow factors. 相似文献
965.
Anton Gollwitzer Gabriele Oettingen Teri A. Kirby Angela L. Duckworth Doris Mayer 《Motivation and emotion》2011,35(4):403-412
Two brief intervention studies tested whether teaching students to mentally contrast a desired future with its present reality
resulted in better academic performance than teaching students to only think about the desired future. German elementary school
children (N = 49; Study 1) and US middle school children (N = 63; Study 2) from low-income neighborhoods who were taught mental contrasting achieved comparatively higher scores in learning
foreign language vocabulary words after 2 weeks or 4 days, respectively. Results have implications for research on the self-regulation
of commitment to solve assigned tasks in classroom settings, and for increasing academic performance in school children in
low-income areas. 相似文献
966.
Emotions can be recognized whether conveyed by facial expressions, linguistic cues (semantics), or prosody (voice tone). However,
few studies have empirically documented the extent to which multi-modal emotion perception differs from uni-modal emotion
perception. Here, we tested whether emotion recognition is more accurate for multi-modal stimuli by presenting stimuli with
different combinations of facial, semantic, and prosodic cues. Participants judged the emotion conveyed by short utterances
in six channel conditions. Results indicated that emotion recognition is significantly better in response to multi-modal versus
uni-modal stimuli. When stimuli contained only one emotional channel, recognition tended to be higher in the visual modality
(i.e., facial expressions, semantic information conveyed by text) than in the auditory modality (prosody), although this pattern
was not uniform across emotion categories. The advantage for multi-modal recognition may reflect the automatic integration
of congruent emotional information across channels which enhances the accessibility of emotion-related knowledge in memory. 相似文献
967.
The present study used ERPs to compare processing of fear-relevant (FR) animals (snakes and spiders) and non-fear-relevant
(NFR) animals similar in appearance (worms and beetles). EEG was recorded from 18 undergraduate participants (10 females)
as they completed two animal-viewing tasks that required simple categorization decisions. Participants were divided on a post
hoc basis into low snake/spider fear and high snake/spider fear groups. Overall, FR animals were rated higher on fear and
elicited a larger LPC. However, individual differences qualified these effects. Participants in the low fear group showed
clear differentiation between FR and NFR animals on subjective ratings of fear and LPC modulation. In contrast, participants
in the high fear group did not show such differentiation between FR and NFR animals. These findings suggest that the salience
of feared-FR animals may generalize on both a behavioural and electro-cortical level to other animals of similar appearance
but of a non-harmful nature. 相似文献
968.
Resource control and status as stimuli for arousing power motivation: An American-Chinese comparison
In this paper, we analyze power motivation from a cross-cultural perspective. Power motivation has been mainly studied within
the Western culture. However, previous research suggests that some contours and nuances of power and power motivation may
be culturally specific. In this article, we analyze cultural differences between American and Chinese students in how power
motivation is aroused. Drawing from the cross-cultural literature, we propose that having decision-making control over resources
increases levels of power motivation among Americans but not Chinese, whereas status-elevation increases power motivation
among both Americans and Chinese. These hypotheses were tested experimentally with resource-control, status-elevation, and
neutral conditions. The first hypothesis was fully supported, but the second one was only partially supported. Levels of power
motivation in the neutral condition (i.e., dispositional power motives) were similar for American and Chinese participants,
but power motivation arousal was greater for Americans than Chinese, in both power arousal conditions. These findings contribute
to our understanding of the power motivation construct in a non-Western context. 相似文献
969.
We provide an overview of three ways in which the expression “Historical epistemology” (HE) is often understood: (1) HE as
a study of the history of higher-order epistemic concepts such as objectivity, observation, experimentation, or probability;
(2) HE as a study of the historical trajectories of the objects of research, such as the electron, DNA, or phlogiston; (3)
HE as the long-term study of scientific developments. After laying out various ways in which these agendas touch on current
debates within both epistemology and philosophy of science (e.g., skepticism, realism, rationality of scientific change),
we conclude by highlighting three topics as especially worthy of further philosophical investigation. The first concerns the
methods, aims and systematic ambitions of the history of epistemology. The second concerns the ways in versions of HE can
be connected to versions of naturalized and social epistemologies. The third concerns the philosophy of history, and in particular
the level of analysis at which a historical analysis should aim. 相似文献
970.
Lisa Guenther 《Human Studies》2011,34(3):257-276
Psychiatrist Stuart Grassian has proposed the term “SHU syndrome” to name the cluster of cognitive, perceptual and affective
symptoms that commonly arise for inmates held in the Special Housing Units (SHU) of supermax prisons. In this paper, I analyze
the harm of solitary confinement from a phenomenological perspective by drawing on Husserl’s account of the essential relation
between consciousness, the experience of an alter ego and the sense of a real, Objective world. While Husserl’s prioritization
of transcendental subjectivity over transcendental intersubjectivity underestimates the degree to which first-person consciousness
is constitutively intertwined with the embodied consciousness of others, Husserl’s phenomenology nevertheless provides a fruitful
starting-point for a philosophical engagement with the psychiatric research on solitary confinement. 相似文献