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981.
Anton Gollwitzer Gabriele Oettingen Teri A. Kirby Angela L. Duckworth Doris Mayer 《Motivation and emotion》2011,35(4):403-412
Two brief intervention studies tested whether teaching students to mentally contrast a desired future with its present reality
resulted in better academic performance than teaching students to only think about the desired future. German elementary school
children (N = 49; Study 1) and US middle school children (N = 63; Study 2) from low-income neighborhoods who were taught mental contrasting achieved comparatively higher scores in learning
foreign language vocabulary words after 2 weeks or 4 days, respectively. Results have implications for research on the self-regulation
of commitment to solve assigned tasks in classroom settings, and for increasing academic performance in school children in
low-income areas. 相似文献
982.
Emotions can be recognized whether conveyed by facial expressions, linguistic cues (semantics), or prosody (voice tone). However,
few studies have empirically documented the extent to which multi-modal emotion perception differs from uni-modal emotion
perception. Here, we tested whether emotion recognition is more accurate for multi-modal stimuli by presenting stimuli with
different combinations of facial, semantic, and prosodic cues. Participants judged the emotion conveyed by short utterances
in six channel conditions. Results indicated that emotion recognition is significantly better in response to multi-modal versus
uni-modal stimuli. When stimuli contained only one emotional channel, recognition tended to be higher in the visual modality
(i.e., facial expressions, semantic information conveyed by text) than in the auditory modality (prosody), although this pattern
was not uniform across emotion categories. The advantage for multi-modal recognition may reflect the automatic integration
of congruent emotional information across channels which enhances the accessibility of emotion-related knowledge in memory. 相似文献
983.
The present study used ERPs to compare processing of fear-relevant (FR) animals (snakes and spiders) and non-fear-relevant
(NFR) animals similar in appearance (worms and beetles). EEG was recorded from 18 undergraduate participants (10 females)
as they completed two animal-viewing tasks that required simple categorization decisions. Participants were divided on a post
hoc basis into low snake/spider fear and high snake/spider fear groups. Overall, FR animals were rated higher on fear and
elicited a larger LPC. However, individual differences qualified these effects. Participants in the low fear group showed
clear differentiation between FR and NFR animals on subjective ratings of fear and LPC modulation. In contrast, participants
in the high fear group did not show such differentiation between FR and NFR animals. These findings suggest that the salience
of feared-FR animals may generalize on both a behavioural and electro-cortical level to other animals of similar appearance
but of a non-harmful nature. 相似文献
984.
Resource control and status as stimuli for arousing power motivation: An American-Chinese comparison
In this paper, we analyze power motivation from a cross-cultural perspective. Power motivation has been mainly studied within
the Western culture. However, previous research suggests that some contours and nuances of power and power motivation may
be culturally specific. In this article, we analyze cultural differences between American and Chinese students in how power
motivation is aroused. Drawing from the cross-cultural literature, we propose that having decision-making control over resources
increases levels of power motivation among Americans but not Chinese, whereas status-elevation increases power motivation
among both Americans and Chinese. These hypotheses were tested experimentally with resource-control, status-elevation, and
neutral conditions. The first hypothesis was fully supported, but the second one was only partially supported. Levels of power
motivation in the neutral condition (i.e., dispositional power motives) were similar for American and Chinese participants,
but power motivation arousal was greater for Americans than Chinese, in both power arousal conditions. These findings contribute
to our understanding of the power motivation construct in a non-Western context. 相似文献
985.
We provide an overview of three ways in which the expression “Historical epistemology” (HE) is often understood: (1) HE as
a study of the history of higher-order epistemic concepts such as objectivity, observation, experimentation, or probability;
(2) HE as a study of the historical trajectories of the objects of research, such as the electron, DNA, or phlogiston; (3)
HE as the long-term study of scientific developments. After laying out various ways in which these agendas touch on current
debates within both epistemology and philosophy of science (e.g., skepticism, realism, rationality of scientific change),
we conclude by highlighting three topics as especially worthy of further philosophical investigation. The first concerns the
methods, aims and systematic ambitions of the history of epistemology. The second concerns the ways in versions of HE can
be connected to versions of naturalized and social epistemologies. The third concerns the philosophy of history, and in particular
the level of analysis at which a historical analysis should aim. 相似文献
986.
Lisa Guenther 《Human Studies》2011,34(3):257-276
Psychiatrist Stuart Grassian has proposed the term “SHU syndrome” to name the cluster of cognitive, perceptual and affective
symptoms that commonly arise for inmates held in the Special Housing Units (SHU) of supermax prisons. In this paper, I analyze
the harm of solitary confinement from a phenomenological perspective by drawing on Husserl’s account of the essential relation
between consciousness, the experience of an alter ego and the sense of a real, Objective world. While Husserl’s prioritization
of transcendental subjectivity over transcendental intersubjectivity underestimates the degree to which first-person consciousness
is constitutively intertwined with the embodied consciousness of others, Husserl’s phenomenology nevertheless provides a fruitful
starting-point for a philosophical engagement with the psychiatric research on solitary confinement. 相似文献
987.
Gerd Sebald 《Human Studies》2011,34(4):341-352
Schutz’s references to literature and arts in his theoretical works are manifold. But literature and theory are both a certain kind of a finite province of meaning, that means they are not easily accessible from the paramount reality of everyday life. Now there is another kind of referring to literature: metaphorizing it. Using it, as may be said with Lakoff and Johnson, to understand and to experience one kind of thing in terms of another. Literally metapherein means “to carry over”. Metaphorizing in this view is then a specific kind of border-crossing between different provinces of meaning. That poses two questions: 1. What means finiteness of those provinces of meaning, what kind of border crossings are possible? What is the ground for metaphorizing meaning? 2. Could this concept used for founding a theory of the constitution of the societal and of society, that overcomes the dichotomy of structure/agency? These questions will be answered with one example in view: Schutz’ report to Kaufmann of his first visit of Husserl describing his experience as feeling like Wilhelm Meister at the Society of the Tower. In a first step this metaphor is presented together with some crumbs of metaphor theory. In a second step these crumbs will be connected to Husserl’s concept of experience. After developing a short overview over Schutz’ “finite provinces of meaning,” the relation of experience, metaphors to the intersubjectivity of these provinces in their dependence from writing and printing is discussed. 相似文献
988.
Jill Hargis 《Human Studies》2011,34(4):373-392
This paper argues that the dichotomy between individuals, as bearers of unique and freely chosen identities, and the masses,
as the large numbers of others who are conforming and uncritical, should be understood as a constructed dichotomy. This dichotomy
is both supported and dismantled in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, and Michel Foucault. Each of these
thinkers reinforced the idea that there exist conforming and threatening masses from which individuals should separate themselves.
And yet by theorizing the limitations and contextual nature of individual identity, they have also provided the foundations
for revealing the dichotomy as illusory as well as problematic for reasoned thought and politics. The significance of this
argument is that the fear of sameness and conformity within modern mass society creates a serious obstacle to broad based
and democratic political engagement among people. 相似文献
989.
Gesa Lindemann 《Human Studies》2011,34(1):93-110
Latour is widely considered a critic and renewer of research in the social sciences. The ecologically minded Left has also
acclaimed him as a theorist interested in bringing nature back both into sociological theory and into society and politics.
To enable a more detailed discussion of Latour’s claims, I will here outline his theory and the ways in which it is related
to classical theory, such as Durkheim, and the methodology of the interpretive paradigm, such as Schütz. My thesis is that
Latour’s empirical studies may be read as unfolding the methodological consequences of the interpretive paradigm, and that
his early work is a brilliant proof of Durkheim’s theory of the morphology of social facts. Latour has now elaborated the
insights he gained from concrete laboratory studies toward a general theory of the social, of society, and of politics. These
generalizations have made his theory at least partly problematic. The political implication of Latour’s theory of society
is a generalization of the call for equality to encompass everything; in other words, Latour criticizes the exclusion of nonhuman
entities from political representation. The paper closes by discussing the political consequences of this proposal. 相似文献
990.
The Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reiner Keller 《Human Studies》2011,34(1):43-65
The article presents the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (SKAD). SKAD, which has been in the process of development
since the middle of the 1990s, is now a widely used framework among social scientists in discourse research in the German-speaking
area. It links arguments from the social constructionist tradition, following Berger and Luckmann, with assumptions based
in symbolic interactionism, hermeneutic sociology of knowledge, and the concepts of Michel Foucault. It argues thereby for
a consistent theoretical and methodological grounding of a genuine social sciences perspective on discourse interested in
the social production, circulation and transformation of knowledge, that is in social relations and politics of knowledge
in the so-called ‘knowledge societies’. Distancing itself from Critical Discourse Analysis, Linguistics, Ethnomethodology
inspired discourse analysis and the Analysis of Hegemonies, following Laclau and Mouffe, SKAD’s framework has been built up
around research questions and concerns located in the social sciences, referring to public discourse and arenas as well as
to more specific fields of (scientific, religious, etc.) discursive struggles and controversies around “problematizations”
(Foucault). 相似文献