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991.
In light of recent research highlighting the potential effects of children’s behavior on mothers’ mental health, the current
study examined 679 mothers and their adolescent children from a community-based sample to determine the effects of youth psychopathology
on maternal depression and levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives. It was hypothesized that the number of past clinical
diagnoses in 15-year-old adolescents would predict the presence of maternal depression at youth age 15 and 5 years later,
as well as more episodes of maternal depression during the follow-up period. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that increased
levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives would mediate these relationships. Regression analyses indicated that past
youth diagnoses do confer risk for the presence of current and future maternal depression, as well as more episodes of maternal
depression, and mediation analyses revealed that child-related acute and chronic stress were mediators of the relationship
between youth diagnoses and the presence of maternal depression at follow-up. Findings suggest that increased levels of child-related
objective stress in mothers’ lives are one mechanism by which children’s psychopathology affects mothers’ future risk for
depression. 相似文献
992.
This research examines the relationship between behavioural inhibition (BI), family environment (overinvolved and negative
parenting, parental anxiety and parent-child attachment) and anxiety in a sample of 202 preschool children. Participants were
aged between 3 years 2 months and 4 years 5 months, 101 were male. A thorough methodology was used that incorporated data
from multiple observations of behaviour, diagnostic interviews and questionnaire measures. The results showed that children
categorised as behaviourally inhibited were significantly more likely to meet criteria for a range of anxiety diagnoses. Furthermore,
a wide range of family environment factors, including maternal anxiety, parenting and attachment were significantly associated
with BI, with inhibited children more likely to experience adverse family environment factors. No interactions between temperament
and family environment were found for child anxiety. However, a significant relationship between current maternal anxiety
and child anxiety was found consistently even after controlling for BI. Additionally, there was some evidence of a relationship
between maternal negativity and child anxiety, after controlling for BI. The results may suggest that temperament and family
environment operate as additive, rather than interactive risk factors for child anxiety. This is discussed in the context
of theoretical models of child anxiety and directions for future research. 相似文献
993.
This study examines factors that influence memory for details about people. In two experiments, subjects learned fictitious
details about familiar (friends, relatives) and/or unfamiliar individuals, and were tested both immediately and after a 1-week
delay. To control for a confounding between familiarity and genetic relatedness in Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 specific relationships (identical twin, first cousin, acquaintance) were assigned to unfamiliar individuals. Across experiments,
retention was enhanced for familiar compared to unfamiliar individuals, for friends/acquaintances compared to relatives, for
more closely than distantly related individuals, and for individuals of the opposite gender as the subject. 相似文献
994.
Crawford JT Jussim L Madon S Cain TR Stevens ST 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2011,37(4):529-542
This article introduces the political person perception model, which identifies conditions under which perceivers rely on stereotypes (party membership), individuating information (issue position), or both in political person perception. Three studies supported the model's predictions. Study 1 showed that perceivers gave primacy to target information that was narrowly relevant to a judgment, whether that information was stereotypic or individuating. Study 2 found that perceivers relied exclusively on individuating information when it was narrowly relevant to the judgment and relied on both stereotype and individuating information when individuating information was not narrowly relevant to the judgment but did imply a political ideology. Study 3 replicated these findings in a more ecologically valid context and showed that people relied on party information in the absence of narrowly relevant policy positions and when individuating information did not imply a political ideology. Implications for political person perception and theories of stereotyping are discussed. 相似文献
995.
Adaptive self-regulatory responses to negative events are associated with good mental health, social functioning, and physical
health. Two forms of emotion regulation that have received attention within the context of anger are cognitive reappraisal
and expressive suppression. Research suggests that greater heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological indicator of adaptive
emotion regulation and decreased mental load. In the present experiment, we recorded HRV while 131 undergraduate women viewed
an anger-inducing video of a fellow student arguing for a position counter to that of the participant on an important political
issue. Immediately prior to viewing, participants were instructed to reappraise, suppress their emotions, or simply watch
the video as normal. Participants in the reappraisal condition showed increased HRV whereas those in the suppression and control
condition showed no such increase. These results provide support for increased HRV as a biological correlate of adaptive emotion
regulation. One implication is that cognitive reappraisal might afford greater autonomic flexibility when an individual is
confronted with anger-inducing events. 相似文献
996.
The present study assessed preferential attentional processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli in two procedures, Search and
Interference tasks, which have been suggested to reflect on attentional capture due to the fear-relevance of the stimuli presented.
In the Search task, participants (N = 154) searched fear-relevant (i.e., snakes and spiders) and non fear-relevant (i.e.,
fish and birds) backgrounds to determine the presence or absence of a deviant animal from the opposite category. In the Interference
task, the same participants searched for the presence or absence of a neutral target (a cat) when either a snake, spider or
no distracter were embedded amongst backgrounds of other animal stimuli. Replicating previous findings, preferential attentional
processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli was evident in both procedures and participants who specifically feared one animal
but not the other showed enhanced preferential processing of their feared fear-relevant animal. However, across the entire
sample, there was no relationship between self-reported levels of animal fear and preferential processing which may reflect
on the fact that substantial preferential attentional processing of fear-relevant animals was evident in the entire sample.
Also, preferential attentional processing as assessed in the two tasks was not related. Delayed disengagement from fear-relevant
stimuli appeared to underlie performance in the search task but not in the interference task. 相似文献
997.
Goal orientation theory is concerned with performance and learning goals in academic, athletic, and other ability areas. Here
we examine performance and learning goals for emotion regulation. We define performance goals for emotion regulation as seeking
to prove one’s ability to manage emotions; learning goals for emotion regulation are defined as seeking to improve one’s ability to manage emotions. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that performance goals for emotion regulation
would be associated with greater use of defensive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms. Results from both
studies showed that individuals with greater performance goals for emotion regulation reported higher levels of rumination
and thought suppression and greater depressive symptoms, while individuals with greater learning goals reported greater use
of cognitive reappraisal. The findings suggest that goals for emotion regulation may help explain individual differences in
use of defensive versus constructive emotion regulation strategies. 相似文献
998.
Considering the phenomenology of flow experience reflects attentional processes, Nakamura and Csikszentmihalyi (Handbook of
positive psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002) classified the components of flow experience into proximal conditions and the characteristics of a subjective state while
being in flow. The present study was conducted to clarify the concept of flow through examination of the interrelationships
among the components from a process-related perspective. A total of 1,048 participants completed the Japanese versions of
the Flow State Scale-2 (Kawabata et al. in Psychol Sport Exerc 9:465–485, 2008), and based on their scores, 591 respondents were considered to be in a flow state during their physical activity. A proposed
higher-order confirmatory factor model and a full structural equation model were tested for the flow respondents. The results
of the higher-order model indicated that the 9 flow factors were empirically classified into the flow state and its proximal
condition. Furthermore, the outcomes of the full structural model preliminarily supported the hypothesized sequential relationships
among flow factors. 相似文献
999.
Anton Gollwitzer Gabriele Oettingen Teri A. Kirby Angela L. Duckworth Doris Mayer 《Motivation and emotion》2011,35(4):403-412
Two brief intervention studies tested whether teaching students to mentally contrast a desired future with its present reality
resulted in better academic performance than teaching students to only think about the desired future. German elementary school
children (N = 49; Study 1) and US middle school children (N = 63; Study 2) from low-income neighborhoods who were taught mental contrasting achieved comparatively higher scores in learning
foreign language vocabulary words after 2 weeks or 4 days, respectively. Results have implications for research on the self-regulation
of commitment to solve assigned tasks in classroom settings, and for increasing academic performance in school children in
low-income areas. 相似文献
1000.
Emotions can be recognized whether conveyed by facial expressions, linguistic cues (semantics), or prosody (voice tone). However,
few studies have empirically documented the extent to which multi-modal emotion perception differs from uni-modal emotion
perception. Here, we tested whether emotion recognition is more accurate for multi-modal stimuli by presenting stimuli with
different combinations of facial, semantic, and prosodic cues. Participants judged the emotion conveyed by short utterances
in six channel conditions. Results indicated that emotion recognition is significantly better in response to multi-modal versus
uni-modal stimuli. When stimuli contained only one emotional channel, recognition tended to be higher in the visual modality
(i.e., facial expressions, semantic information conveyed by text) than in the auditory modality (prosody), although this pattern
was not uniform across emotion categories. The advantage for multi-modal recognition may reflect the automatic integration
of congruent emotional information across channels which enhances the accessibility of emotion-related knowledge in memory. 相似文献