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991.
World Health Organization age-, sex-, and cause-specific mortality data for the United States and 19 other democratic higher-income countries were utilized to assess the reliability and sensitivity of suicide certification for purposes of cross-national research. Data are found to be highly reliable across age and sex (rs > 0.92; P < 0.001). Relative discrepancies between official suicide rates (putative lower limits) and projected upper limits vary widely internationally. Austrian and Dutch suicide certification is the most sensitive. Least sensitive is certification for certain subpopulations in Finland, Greece, Ireland, Israel, and the United Kingdom. We recommend similar analyses be performed for routine, low-cost surveillance of suicide data quality, and to guide choice of population groups for multivariate comparative research. 相似文献
992.
Recognition memory judgments have long been assumed to depend on the contributions of two underlying processes: recollection
and familiarity. We measured recollection with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) data and remember-know judgments. Under
standard remember-know instructions, the two estimates of recollection diverged. When subjects were told they might need to
justify theirremember responses to the experimenter, the two estimates were more likely to agree. The data support the conclusion thatremember responses are generally based on a continuous underlying process but that specific task instructions can produce data that
appear consistent with a high-threshold recollective process. Models based on signal detection theory provide a better account
of these data than does the dual-process model (Yonelinas, 1994) or process-pure interpretations. 相似文献
993.
994.
Louis D. Burgio Thomas L. Whitman Dennis H. Reid 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1983,16(1):37-53
The present study evaluated a participative management approach for increasing the frequency of interactions between institutional staff and severely/profoundly retarded residents. The participative management approach involved teaching staff how to use self-monitoring, standard setting, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement procedures. These procedures were then used by staff with minimal involvement of supervisory personnel. Although supervisors provided feedback and praise to staff for using these self-management behaviors, feedback and praise were never dispensed contingent on staff interactions with residents. Results indicated that during the participative management program there was an increase in staff interactions that were contingent on appropriate resident behavior. The increase in this type of staff interaction was accompanied by an increase in appropriate resident behavior. Follow-up data on both staff and resident behaviors, although showing moderating trends, suggested generally good maintenance of the initial behavior changes. Acceptability data suggested that staff were quite receptive to the program. The advantages of participative management procedures for improving staff performance in residential settings are discussed. 相似文献
995.
McDonald R Dodson MC Rosenfield D Jouriles EN 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(7):1013-1023
This study examined whether Project Support, a parenting intervention shown to reduce child conduct problems, also exerts
positive effects on features of psychopathy in children. Participants were 66 families (mothers and children) recruited from
domestic violence shelters who participated in a randomized controlled trial evaluating Project Support. Each family included
at least one child between the ages of 4 and 9 who was exhibiting clinical levels of conduct problems. Families were randomly
assigned to the Project Support intervention condition or to an existing services comparison condition, and they were assessed
on 6 occasions over 20 months, following their departure from the shelter. Children in families in the Project Support condition,
compared with those in the comparison condition, exhibited greater reductions in features of psychopathy. Moreover, the changes
in features of psychopathy remained after accounting for changes in conduct problems. Project Support’s effects on features
of psychopathy were mediated by improvements in mothers’ harsh and inconsistent parenting. These findings on the effects of
an intervention on features of psychopathy are the first from a randomized controlled trial. They inform the debate about
whether features of psychopathy in children are responsive to intervention, and hold important implications for clinical practice. 相似文献
996.
997.
In an attempt to study remote memory for visuospatial information, geographical knowledge was examined in patient J.N., who had received a radical right temporal lobectomy to remove a large glioblastoma. In postoperative tests J.N. displayed severe deficits in anterograde memory for visuospatial and verbal material, visuoperceptual functions, constructions, attention, and response initiation. Despite her global cognitive deficiencies she performed normally on the WAIS Information Scale and the Fargo Map Test, a measure of geographical knowledge. In contrast, patients known to have severe amnesia exhibited impairments on tests of geographical knowledge that required precise localization of features such as cities. Assuming that J.N.'s performance is typical of patients with extensive damage to the right temporal lobe, the findings suggest that the integrity of the right temporal lobe is not essential for the retrieval of premorbidly established visuospatial memories. 相似文献
998.
The impact of husband's death on the psychological well-being of 226 older widows was examined. Respondents were 60 to 89 years of age and had been widowed from 7 to 21 months at the time of interview. Using multiple regression analysis it was determined that 19 selected variables accounted for approximately 22% of the variance in positive affect and 18% of the variance in negative affect. Higher levels of positive affect were related to widows' religious involvement, number of siblings, and support from children and their families. Negative affect was more often associated with other deaths (in addition to that of husband), housing dissatisfaction, and a history of employment outside the home during marriage. Additional research is called for in light of the increasing numbers and potential vulnerabilities of older women who are recently widowed. 相似文献
999.
1000.