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141.
This research assessed the role of having a coherent explanation of the link between smoking and cervical cancer in motivating women to stop smoking. In the 1st study, women were given a leaflet with either a detailed or a minimal explanation of the link or no leaflet. The leaflets were similarly effective at providing a coherent explanation. In a cross-sectional analysis, having a coherent explanation moderated the relationship between perceived vulnerability and intention: Higher perceived vulnerability to cervical cancer was associated with greater intention to quit smoking only amongst women with a more coherent explanation of the link between smoking and cervical cancer. This finding was replicated in a 2nd study. These results are consistent with H. Leventhal et al.'s (1997) self-regulatory model, which suggests that motivation to change behavior depends not only on perceiving a threat but also on having a coherent model linking the behavior with the threat. 相似文献
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While most validity indices are based on total test scores, this paper describes a method for quantifying the construct validity of items. The approach is based on the item selection technique originally described by Piazza in 1980. Unfortunately, Piazza's P2 index suffers from some substantial limitations. The Dm coefficient provides an alternative which can be used for item selection and provides a validity index for a set of items. The index is similar to that of traditional criterion-related validity indices. Criterion-related validity is used to demonstrate the accuracy of hypothesized relations of the measure with outcome variables of interest in research and practice. This method may be useful when the sample of items or persons is small, rendering more traditional approaches such as factor analysis or item response theory inappropriate. An example of how to use the technique is provided. 相似文献
145.
Hanne Schoofs Dirk Hermans Filip Raes 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):609-617
Previous research has shown that depressive rumination is an important vulnerability factor for experiencing depressive symptoms.
The most widely used measure to assess depressive rumination is the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). According to Treynor
et al. (Cognitive Therapy and Research 27:247–259, 2003), the RRS contains two subscales, reflecting two different rumination subcomponents: brooding and reflection. The present
study examined the psychometric properties of the RRS in two samples (N = 432 and N = 407). Based on a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), results confirmed that a two-dimensional model with brooding and reflection
factors provided an adequate fit to the data. Reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the rumination subcomponents
were appropriate. Furthermore, brooding but not reflection predicted depressive symptoms prospectively, even when accounting
for concurrent depressive feelings. The results provide the first confirmatory factor-analytical support for the widely assumed
two-factor model of the RRS and add to the accumulating body of evidence supporting the multidimensional nature of depressive
rumination. 相似文献
146.
Individuals’ actions and their stated beliefs affect how others perceive them. In a prisoner’s dilemma, a defector who expects others to cooperate is perceived as less moral than a defector who expects others to defect; a cooperator who expects others to defect is perceived as less competent than a cooperator who expects others to cooperate (Experiment 1). This pattern suggests that in a context of interdependence, a stated expectation that the behavior of others will resemble one’s own may protect one’s social reputation. When outcomes are not interdependent, expectations do not moderate the effects of behavior on reputation (Experiment 2). In such a context, inductive reasoning is sufficient to explain social projection. Both types of results are replicated in a modified N-person social dilemma (Experiment 3), further validating the inductive-reasoning hypothesis. 相似文献
147.
Theresa S. S. Schilhab Gudlaug Fridgeirsdottir Peter Allerup 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):1-13
Expertise depends on hours and hours of practice within a field before a state of proficiency is achieved. Normally, expert
skills involve bodily knowledge associated to the practices of a field. Interactional expertise, i.e. the ability to talk
competently about the field, however, is not causally dependent on bodily proficiency. Instead, interactional experts are
verbally skilled to an extent that makes them impossible to distinguish from so-called contributory experts, the experienced
practitioners. The concept of interactional expertise defines linguistic skills as contingent on bodily knowledge. However,
recent neuropsychological findings make it plausible that “first-person”-related neural activations would be relevant with
respect to the subjects' verbal output, at least when subjects address concepts that refer to tangible objects. Using imitation
games, we explore and expand on the apparently arbitrary relation between bodily experiences and linguistic skills in midwifery.
In alignment with several findings within grounded cognition studies, the results presented suggest that somehow personal
experiences make a linguistic difference, noticeable to contributory experts. 相似文献
148.
Aggressiveness and sanctioning ratings made by 360 undergraduates to scenarios of workplace aggression suggest that aggressor gender, occupational status of aggressor relative to the target of aggression, and type of aggression content (i.e., hostility, obstructionism, or overt) affected these ratings. The results support hypothesized main effects for aggression content and aggressor gender, and also a significant interaction between occupational status and aggressor gender. However, the results failed to confirm hypotheses that perceiver variables (e.g., trait aggression) would add significantly to the prediction of either aggressiveness ratings or sanctioning ratings. Implications for policy formation to manage aggressive individuals in organizations are discussed. 相似文献
149.
A theoretical framework Is presented that distinguishes among three knowledge sources that form the basis for generative performance. The three knowledge sources, termed conceptual, procedural, and utilizational competence, were implemented as a computational model that derives plans for counting procedures. In a previous analysis, Greeno, Riley, and Gelman (1984) developed a characterization of the conceptual competence (implicit understanding of general concepts and principles) associated with the skill of counting and related conceptual competence to various models of performance. In the current work all three knowledge sources are formalized in a computer program (COUNTPLAN) that generates planning nets of counting procedures. The sufficiency of COUNTPLAN's knowledge components is demonstrated through its capacity to generate new plans for counting in novel settings from a core of conceptual competence. The utility of COUNTPLAN to facilitate the distinction between hypotheses of competence and hypotheses of performance is discussed. 相似文献
150.
Whitfield Tim Barnhofer Thorsten Acabchuk Rebecca Cohen Avi Lee Michael Schlosser Marco Arenaza-Urquijo Eider M. Böttcher Adriana Britton Willoughby Coll-Padros Nina Collette Fabienne Chételat Gaël Dautricourt Sophie Demnitz-King Harriet Dumais Travis Klimecki Olga Meiberth Dix Moulinet Inès Müller Theresa Parsons Elizabeth Sager Lauren Sannemann Lena Scharf Jodi Schild Ann-Katrin Touron Edelweiss Wirth Miranka Walker Zuzana Moitra Ethan Lutz Antoine Lazar Sara W. Vago David Marchant Natalie L. 《Neuropsychology review》2022,32(3):677-702
Neuropsychology Review - Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) are increasingly utilized to improve mental health. Interest in the putative effects of MBPs on cognitive function is also growing. This... 相似文献