Predictors of maternal language to infants during a picture book task in the home: Family SES, child characteristics and the parenting environment

This study investigated the contribution of child characteristics and parenting environment to the relationship between family SES/demographic characteristics and maternal language to infants. 1157 children were drawn from a representative sample of 1292 infants born to mothers in rural Appalachian counties and rural counties in southern minority U.S. communities. Mothers and their 6–8 month old babies were videotaped at home while talking about a wordless picture book. Mothers' language output and complexity were analyzed. Child temperament, age, and parenting environment (knowledge of child development and observed mother–child engagement) were predictors of maternal language. Furthermore, their inclusion reduced the magnitude of the association between demographic characteristics and maternal language. Tests of mediation suggested that the parenting environment partially mediates the relationship between SES/demographic characteristics and maternal language. Findings are discussed with respect to identifying proximal processes that explain how SES may exert its influence on the language of young children.     

五个层面的挑战与三大理论难题——试论基因伦理

基因伦理的挑战在基因-检测、基因-治疗、基因-生殖、基因-克隆、基因-生态等五个层面展开,大致包括保护基因隐私、防止基因歧视,生殖细胞能否基因治疗,辅助生殖是否“扮演上帝”,克隆人,转基因的安全性等内容。同时,提出了基因决定论、实体论和主观论以及基因伦理走向何处等理论难题,需要认真研究和讨论。     

克雷佩林与精神病人的时代形象

精神疾病分类学不仅构建了对于这种疾病的评价,也决定了病人的名誉及其在法律关系中的责任。通过这些直接或间接的作用,精神疾病分类学塑造了一个时代的精神病人的形象。概述了克雷佩林的理论体系和分类思想,分析了贯穿其间的哲学讨论及其产生的社会影响,在此基础上说明起始阶段的精神疾病分类学如何塑造了那样一种精神病人的时代形象。     

美国的患儿同意及借鉴意义

准确地评定患儿的同意能力,保障患儿的同意权得以有效行使,有利于尊重患儿的人格尊严,促进患儿身心健康。从患儿同意能力和同意权的角度出发,简要回顾了美国患儿同意产生的背景,介绍了美国患儿同意的现状,并对其进行了一定的分析和评价,希望对促进我国患儿同意的发展起到一定的借鉴作用。     

人的尊严与生命伦理

“尊严”是频繁出现在生命伦理学中的一个概念,但关国学者麦克琳却在最近认为,尊严在生命伦理学中是个无用的概念,可以毫无损失地用其它概念,比如尊重人的自主性概念所代替。反驳了麦克琳的观点,定义了尊严的含义,认为生命伦理学的使命就是在当代生命科技高度发达的情况下如何尊重和保护人的尊严。     

Early-Onset Bipolar Spectrum Disorders: Diagnostic Issues

Since the mid 1990s, early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (BPSDs) have received increased attention in both the popular press and scholarly press. Rates of diagnosis of BPSD in children and adolescents have increased in inpatient, outpatient, and primary care settings. BPSDs remain difficult to diagnose, particularly in youth. The current diagnostic system makes few modifications to accommodate children and adolescents. Researchers in this area have developed specific BPSD definitions that affect the generalizability of their findings to all youth with BPSD. Despite knowledge gains from the research, BPSDs are still difficult to diagnose because clinicians must: (1) consider the impact of the child’s developmental level on symptom presentation (e.g., normative behavior prevalence, environmental limitations on youth behavior, pubertal status, irritability, symptom duration); (2) weigh associated impairment and course of illness (e.g., neurocognitive functioning, failing to meet full DSM criteria, future impairment); and (3) make decisions about appropriate assessment (differentiating BPSD from medical illnesses, medications, drug use, or other psychiatric diagnoses that might better account for symptoms; comorbid disorders; informant characteristics and assessment measures to use). Research findings concerning these challenges and relevant recommendations are offered. Areas for further research to guide clinicians’ assessment of children with early-onset BPSD are highlighted. Principal Investigators and Coinvestigators of Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) Group are listed in Appendix.     

H.R.成人成套神经心理测验在我国的修订

本文是修订Halstead—Reitan成套神经心理测验(H·R·B)成人本的总结。从15个省市取样,正常组885名,脑病组350例。根据测验结果按性别和年龄制定了各分测验的划界分,按划界分计算了两组受试的损伤指数(DQ)。并制定了脑病损的诊断和定侧的标准。按此标准对样本病人进行了脑损伤的诊断和定侧。诊断符合率为80.3％,右侧病损的符合率为70.8％,左侧为45.7％。分测验的重则相关系数分别为0.93—0.39。     

Minimum Muscle-Tension Change Trajectories Predicted by Using a 17-Muscle Model of the Monkey's Arm

Four computational problems to be solved for visually guided reaching movements, hand path, and trajectory formations, coordinate transformation, and calculations of muscle tensions are ill-posed in redundant biological control systems. These problems are ill-posed in the sense that there exist an infinite number of possible solutions. In this article, it is shown that the nervous system can solve those problems simultaneously by imposing a single global constraint: finding the smoothest muscle- tension trajectory that satisfies the desired final hand position, velocity, and acceleration. Horizontal trajectories were simulated by using a l7-muscle model of the monkey's arm as the controlled object. The simulations predicted gently curved hand paths for lateral hand movements and for movements from the side of the body to the front, and a roughly straight hand path for anterioposterior movements. The tangential hand velocities were roughly bell shaped. The simulated results were in agreement with the actual biological movements.     

试论反应性抑郁形成的心理过程

对反应性抑郁形成的心理过程进行解释的理论中 ,较有影响的有精神分析理论、控制理论、认知理论、自我注意理论和行为主义理论。由于这些理论都仅强调某一个因素的作用 ,因而有一定的局限性。如果综合考虑这些因素 ,同时还考虑到评价、个体扮演角色的多少及其采用的应付方式等因素的作用 ,就可以看出反应性抑郁形成的完整心理过程。