恒河猴对数多少概念的高次抽象判断

本实验训练三只恒河猴在多个非概念性和多种概念性的符号线索指令下,对同时呈现的从2到7三个数目刺激的多少概念进行高次抽象判断。一只被试猴学会了在三种符号线索交替指令下能对多、中、少作出正确的选择判断,出色完成全部程序的13个训练课题,其他两只猴成绩差些。本实验进一步证实了恒河猴具有抽象的数多少概念。实验还表明恒河猴能对中间数值作出正确判断,说明动物具有客观对象量值的序列概念。实验中符号线索实际上是语汇性符号,具有指代意义,在这种抽象符号指令下的数多少概念判断是更高层次的抽象判断。     

言语指导与幼儿运动控制发展的实验研究

本文通过实验研究初步探讨了自我控制发展的基本内容之一——幼儿运动控制能力的发展及不同言语指导条件对幼儿运动控制的影响。所得结果认为:幼儿运动控制能力在不断进步。不同言语指导对调节幼儿运动控制的效力是不同的。在本实验条件下,对3岁11个月至6岁4个月的儿童来说,成人在儿童活动过程中进行的即时言语指导对儿童运动控制水平的调节最具影响力,但随年龄增长,其作用力的提高不显著。幼儿的自我言语指导作用迅速增长,但对运动控制的影响力还没有达到成人即时言语指导的水平。本实验中没有发现显著的男女差异。 本文建议,早期的幼儿教育应重视运动控制能力的培养。通过提高幼儿自我言语指导能力达到锻炼幼儿自我控制的目的。     

自然语言理解的方法和途径

本文结合汉语处理的问题,叙述和讨论了国外有关计算机理解自然语言的某些主要的方法和途径。作者认为,从语言理解研究的发展过程来看,计算机理解自然语言的研究,已由最初的主要是属于语言学的问题,逐渐成为主要是认知心理学的问题。因而,只有深入了解人类理解语言的实际过程,才能建造出有效的理解自然语言的计算机系统。     

Prenatal Testing for Adult-Onset Conditions: the Position of the National Society of Genetic Counselors

Advances in genetic testing and the availability of such testing in pregnancy allows prospective parents to test their future child for adult-onset conditions. This ability raises several complex ethical issues. Prospective parents have reproductive rights to obtain information about their fetus. This information may or may not alter pregnancy management. These rights can be in conflict with the rights of the future individual, who will be denied the right to elect or decline testing. This paper highlights the complexity of these issues, details discussions that went into the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) Public Policy Task Force’s development of the Prenatal testing for Adult-Onset Conditions position statement adopted in November 2014, and cites relevant literature on this topic through December 2015. Issues addressed include parental rights and autonomy, rights of the future child, the right not to know, possible adverse effects on childhood and the need for genetic counseling. This paper will serve as a reference to genetic counselors and healthcare professionals when faced with this situation in clinical practice.     

Health-Related Decision-Making in HIV Disease

Individuals living with HIV show moderate decision-making deficits, though no prior studies have evaluated the ability to make optimal health-related decisions across the HIV healthcare continuum. Forty-three HIV+ individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND+), 50 HIV+ individuals without HAND (HAND?), and 42 HIV? participants were administered two measures of health-related decision-making as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery: (1) The Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS), and (2) The Modified UCSD Brief Assessment for Capacity to Consent (UBACC-T). Multiple regression analyses revealed that HAND was an independent predictor of both the DCS and the UBACC-T, such that the HAND+ sample evidenced significantly poorer scores relative to comparison groups. Within the HIV+ sample, poorer health-related decision-making was associated with worse performance on tests of episodic memory, risky decision-making, and health literacy. Findings indicate that individuals with HAND evidence moderate deficits in effectively comprehending and evaluating various health-related choices.     

Is Trait Rumination Associated with the Ability to Generate Effective Problem Solving Strategies? Utilizing Two Versions of the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Test

This study examined the relationship between trait rumination and the effectiveness of problem solving strategies as assessed by the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Test (MEPS) in a nonclinical population. The present study extended previous studies in terms of using two instructions in the MEPS: the second-person, actual strategy instructions, which has been utilized in previous studies on rumination, and the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions, which is considered more suitable for assessing the effectiveness of problem solving strategies. We also replicated the association between rumination and each dimension of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised Short Version (SPSI-R:S). Japanese undergraduate students (N = 223) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), MEPS, and SPSI-R:S. One half of the sample completed the MEPS with the second-person, actual strategy instructions. The other participants completed the MEPS with the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions. The results showed that neither total RRS score, nor its subscale scores were significantly correlated with MEPS scores under either of the two instructions. These findings taken together with previous findings indicate that in nonclinical populations, trait rumination is not related to the effectiveness of problem solving strategies, but that state rumination while responding to the MEPS deteriorates the quality of strategies. The correlations between RRS and SPSI-R:S scores indicated that trait rumination in general, and its brooding subcomponent in particular are parts of cognitive and behavioral responses that attempt to avoid negative environmental and negative private events. Results also showed that reflection is a part of active problem solving.     

Documentation: The challenges facing Christian‐Muslim dialogue

During his visit to Cairo in early October 1995, Dr George Carey, Archbishop of Canterbury, gave a lecture at Al‐Azhar University, the oldest and one of the most prestigious Islamic universities. Given on 4 October, the lecture was widely reported in both the Egyptian and British press. Following is the full text of the lecture as delivered, reproduced by the kind permission of Dr Carey.     

医疗纠纷产生的原因与防范

医疗卫生工作关系到人民的生命与健康,当患者的生命权或健康权受侵害时,就会发生医疗纠纷。医疗纠纷的产生既有源性因素,也有非医源性因素,提高医务人员的法律素养,强化医疗纠纷的管理,合理利用纠纷处理的补偿手段是防范医疗纠纷的有效途径。     

加速凋亡引入肿瘤的进程

细胞凋亡被引入肿瘤研究的实践,使人们走出对细胞无限增殖的困惑,开始关注增殖与调亡的平衡,从而找出一条攻克肿瘤的新途径,这是认识的一次飞跃。而进一步发展凋亡理论,确切地完全阐明凋亡机制,建立起理性的肿瘤凋亡基因疗法,用理论批导实践,将是认识的一次更大飞跃。鉴于这一过程的艰巨和复杂性,只有基础医学院理论和肿瘤临床密切合作,合力攻关,才能加速其进程,攻克这一危害人类的凶险顽症。