Is Trait Rumination Associated with the Ability to Generate Effective Problem Solving Strategies? Utilizing Two Versions of the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Test

This study examined the relationship between trait rumination and the effectiveness of problem solving strategies as assessed by the Means-Ends Problem-Solving Test (MEPS) in a nonclinical population. The present study extended previous studies in terms of using two instructions in the MEPS: the second-person, actual strategy instructions, which has been utilized in previous studies on rumination, and the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions, which is considered more suitable for assessing the effectiveness of problem solving strategies. We also replicated the association between rumination and each dimension of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised Short Version (SPSI-R:S). Japanese undergraduate students (N = 223) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), MEPS, and SPSI-R:S. One half of the sample completed the MEPS with the second-person, actual strategy instructions. The other participants completed the MEPS with the third-person, ideal-strategy instructions. The results showed that neither total RRS score, nor its subscale scores were significantly correlated with MEPS scores under either of the two instructions. These findings taken together with previous findings indicate that in nonclinical populations, trait rumination is not related to the effectiveness of problem solving strategies, but that state rumination while responding to the MEPS deteriorates the quality of strategies. The correlations between RRS and SPSI-R:S scores indicated that trait rumination in general, and its brooding subcomponent in particular are parts of cognitive and behavioral responses that attempt to avoid negative environmental and negative private events. Results also showed that reflection is a part of active problem solving.     

国内九个地区3—7岁儿童数概念和运算能力发展的初步研究综合报告

这个报告中的初步研究工作在做法上甚有可取之处,在收获上也令人感觉到有广阔的前途。但诚如作者自己所说,这项初步研究工作还有不少不足之处,很有待继续努大加以充实和提高。我们希望有更多同志共同探索各种做法,研究有关问题。     

同时颜色对比机制的空间特性

为研究同时颜色对比机制的空间特性,本实验用光学投影方法产生出不同空间频率的同时颜色对比光栅。实验结果表明,同时颜色对比机制具有低通空间频率反应特性,即随空间频率下降,颜色对比效应增强。这一结果可能为同时颜色对比机制参与图形探测的推论提供一个实验支持。实验中也测试了几种不同条件下人眼对比敏感度函数。     

冯特在心理科学实践上的历史贡献及其现实意义

为了纪念和发扬威廉·冯特创立心理科学的历史功绩,本文试图从历史唯物主义观点,简述了冯特为创建心理科学所作出的具有世界历史意义五个方面的贡献,分析了冯特取得巨大成就的两大原因,指出了冯特在科学实践上的宝贵经验。本文末尾,提出以马克思主义为指导的中国同志,定能借鉴冯特,为心理学史上即将出现的第二个飞跃发展努力工作相共勉。     

五岁至七岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征的比较及性别差异的研究

本研究是在北京城区六个日托幼儿园所作的关于5至7岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征差异的比较研究。被试有138名独生子女和127名非独生子女,其中男孩120名、女孩145名。观察了五类行为:独立性、助人行为、依赖性、攻击行为和友好行为,这五类行为共有16个观察项目。在所有三个年龄组,非独生子女在依赖性,助人行为和攻击行为等方面的平均得分总的来说略高于独生子女,但是没有统计学上显著差异。只有五岁组在独立性方面独生和非独生子女之间的差异达到显著性水平(P<0.005)。对被试家长问卷的分析也表明,独生子女与非独生子女之间在大多数项目和年龄组都没有显著差别。只有独立性这一方面在五岁组差异是显著的。我们还比较了性别差异,在所观察的五类行为中除了助人行为之外,在依赖性、独立性、攻击性行为和友好行为等方面都存在显著的性别差异。在友好行为方面女孩比男孩表现好,而男孩比女孩更富有攻击性。     

人格维度与注意分配的关系及其选拔意义

本研究以210名男性大学生为被试,EPQ确定人格维度,微机测量注意分配,运用正交设计实验与区组实验相结合的方法综合论述了人格维度与注意分配的关系发现:E、E×N、P×E对注意分配有显著影响,N有一定影响,P和P×N的影响不显著。各影响因素的重要性顺序:E×N→P×E/E→N→P→P×N/误差,绘制了单项人格维度与注意分配关系简图。确定了三种人格维度的最佳组合型(注意分配可望最优):P1N2E1,次佳组合型:P3N2E1,最差组合型:P2N3E1,各型注意分配均值分别为0.702、0.680、0.309,本文探讨了实验结果的选拔意义,认为可从个体EPQ的结果来估测其注意分配能力,这在职业心理选拔中有重要应用价值。