关于记忆弱化过程的某些特征及其变异性的一项实验研究

这项研究旨在证明这样一个假设,即在学习之后,记忆有一个随时间而逐渐弱化的过程。其表现是,在通常情况下,对学习过的东西的回忆时间随学习到回忆之间的时间间隔的延长而趋于增加,错误回忆和遗忘的数量也随之增加。记忆弱化的因素有种种,因而虽有一般的趋势,又表现出很大变异性。     

5—11岁儿童两种空间关系认知发展的实验研究

本实验是研究5—11岁儿童对面积和垂直这两种空间关系认知的发展。判断相等面积是探讨儿童掌握“等量减等量所余相等”原理的发展过程。结果表明:课题中不同变化因素对儿童认知的影响是不一样的;儿童判断相等面积的认知过程主要可分为直觉判断和推理判断,似乎存在一种由前者发展到后者的过渡形态。儿童处理垂直关系时,除了垂直于斜面和垂直于水平面的形式之外,还有处于这两者之间的一种中间形式存在,这是从垂直于斜面向垂直于水平面逐渐变化的发展过程。两个实验结果都表现随年龄而发展的趋势,其中有两个突出的阶段性特点,即六至七岁发展最快,各项指标差别显著,七至九岁组成绩上未显露增长,在这一阶段中儿童认知易受课题条件变化的影响,各个指标较其它年龄组变化大,这可能是发展中的过渡阶段的特点。     

论新行为主义者斯金纳关于人的行为原因的研究

本文分析了斯金纳的环境决定行为论及其来源,评价了他的研究方法,对斯金纳的新行为主义理论和华生的老行为主义理论进行了比较,同时对斯金纳提出的“行为技术学”的科学性和应用价值提出了质疑。     

Models of health and wholeness

A church-clinic model of the neighborhood health center, developed initially in a low-income area, has now been established over the past three years in middle- and upper-income areas. The church-clinics, called Wholistic Health Centers, are primary care medical clinics located in church buildings that utilize an interdisciplinary team in the planning for patient treatment and health education. The project integrates primary medical care with pastoral counseling services. Evaluation of the two clinics in middle-to-upper-income areas indicates that the patients are middle to upper class, well educated, and are not medically disenfranchised; their presenting problems are only slightly more often medical (58%) than psychosocial (42%).This work was conducted in part when Dr. Holinger was at the Institute for Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Research and Training, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.He is also the author ofWholistic Health.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the Rev. Granger E. Westberg, D.D., Clinical Professor, and Edward A. Lichter, Professor and Chairman, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Illinois at the Medical Center, Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, in the preparation of this report.     

记忆与学习的脑化学研究 Ⅱ.海马内注射胰蛋白酶与胰凝乳蛋白酶对大白鼠暗箱迴避模式记忆的影响

本实验选择了胰凝乳蛋白酶与胰蛋白酶,它们同属水解酶,能够内切蛋白质与肽类底物的某些键位。26只刚成年的雄性大鼠分作三组:生理盐水/不巩固组(NS/NC)、胰蛋白酶/不巩固组(T/NC)与胰凝乳蛋白酶/不巩固组(CT/NC)。 实验结果表明,双侧海马内注射(AP_2L_2H_4与AP_4L_3H_5)胰凝乳蛋白酶与胰蛋白酶后,对暗箱廻避(DBA)模式记忆有不同的影响。胰蛋白酶注射后,该记忆保持明显降低,而胰凝乳蛋白酶注射后仍可巩固。所用的实验剂量大致为半致死剂量的三分之一。     

动物在学习时海马与皮层的电活动变化

从实验动物材料和人的临床研究早已提出颞叶,特别是它的深部核团和结构——杏仁核和海马,对情绪和行为的控制起重要作用。廿多年来已广泛地研究了海马的θ节律和其他电活动,提出了一些与行为相关的海马电活动理论。有人认为,海马的慢同步活     

Language characteristics of mexican-american children: Implications for assessment

We have described the language features that characterize the speech of the Mexican-American child and have examined them with respect to their deviations from acceptable standards in both Spanish and English—acceptability in terms of how well he functions in each of the two language settings in which he lives. We have pointed out the magnitude of the most critical of his problems, the loss of lexical and grammatical signals through underdeveloped perception of English phonology and have demonstrated how this faulty perception vitally affects, not only his lexical and grammatical failings, but also his ability to learn as fast or as efficiently as the monolingual English-speaking child in every area of learning. We have then suggested assessment considerations which might more accurately evaluate his actual language abilities and which might provide more specific bases for planning improved educational programs for these children. We recognize, at the same time, the existence of additional considerations, such as socioeconomic environment, educational level of the parents, child rearing practices, test-orientedness, etc., which may also influence the scores they receive, and that these factors should also be considered in interpreting test statistics and in planning and designing school programs.     

Comparative differences in the self-perceptions of disadvantaged and advantaged students

Previous research had indicated positive and significantly higher self-perceptions for disadvantaged children in comparison to advantaged children in grades four through eight. The intention of this research was to determine whether disadvantaged children maintain their more positive self-images when they enter the more integrated environment with advantaged children. It was discovered that both disadvantaged and advantaged high school students had significantly lower self-perception scores than did the elementary school pupils. The importance of the study is in the continued non-support of the hypothesis that disadvantaged children of all ages have negative self concepts—whether in segregated or integrated situations. However, the study further shows that high school students' self-images are not as high as those of younger children—whether they are disadvantaged or advantaged.     

Use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with the educationally handicapped

Despite widespread use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) as a measure of intelligence for educationally handicapped students, few studies have related PPVT scores of such students to their scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Using 100 public school students consecutively referred for learning difficulties, their mean PPVT IQ (97.75) was found to be consistently and significantly higher than WISC Full Scale IQ (89.65), Verbal IQ (88.68), and Performance IQ (92.73). Correlations between the PPVT IQ and the WISC Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQs were .70, .69, and .54, respectively. A tabular summary of previous studies comparing PPVT and WISC IQs is included.     

Language characteristics of mexican-american children: Implications for assessment

We have described the language features that characterize the speech of the Mexican-American child and have examined them with respect to their deviations from acceptable standards in both Spanish and English—acceptability in terms of how well he functions in each of the two language settings in which he lives. We have pointed out the magnitude of the most critical of his problems, the loss of lexical and grammatical signals through underdeveloped perception of English phonology and have demonstrated how this faulty perception vitally affects, not only his lexical and grammatical failings, but also his ability to learn as fast or as efficiently as the monolingual English-speaking child in every area of learning. We have then suggested assessment considerations which might more accurately evaluate his actual language abilities and which might provide more specific bases for planning improved educational programs for these children. We recognize, at the same time, the existence of additional considerations, such as socioeconomic environment, educational level of the parents, child rearing practices, test-orientedness, etc., which may also influence the scores they receive, and that these factors should also be considered in interpreting test statistics and in planning and designing school programs.