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Task prioritization can lead to trade-off patterns in dual-task situations. The authors compared dual-task performances in 9- and 11-year-old children and young adults performing a cognitive task and a motor task concurrently. The motor task required balancing on an ankle-disc board. Two cognitive tasks measured working memory and episodic memory at difficulty levels individually adjusted during the course of extensive training. Adults showed performance decrements in both task domains under dual-task conditions. In contrast, children showed decrements only in the cognitive tasks but actually swayed less under dual-task than under single-task conditions and continued to reduce their body sway even when instructed to focus on the cognitive task. The authors argue that children perform closer to their stability boundaries in the balance task and therefore prioritize protection of their balance under dual-task conditions. 相似文献
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Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis Martin S. Hagger C. K. John Wang Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(1):55-68
The present study employed constructs from self-determination theory, social-identity theory, and the theory of planned behaviour
to examine the combined effects that social identity and perceived autonomy support exerted on attitudes, intentions and health
behaviour. A prospective design was employed measuring constructs from the theory of planned behaviour, group norms, group
identification, and perceived autonomy support at baseline and physical activity behaviour 5 weeks later. Self-report questionnaires
were administered to 231 pupils (male = 113, female = 118, M = 14.21 years, SD = .90). Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that group norms predicted participation in physical activities and
attitudes, but only for participants who identified strongly with their group. Perceived autonomy support predicted attitudes,
intentions and behaviour. The effects of perceived autonomy support and social-identity constructs were independent. It was
concluded that both social identity and perceived autonomy support should be included in the theory of planned behaviour. 相似文献
214.
The Projectgroep Evaluatie Welzijn 0–18 jarige allochtonen (Research Group on the Evaluation of the Social Welfare Program for 0–18‐Year‐Olds of Ethnic Minority Backgrounds), a research group affiliated with the Verwey‐Jonker Institute, has studied the use of paraprofessionals in the Netherlands. This article is based on results from that research project. In the Netherlands, paraprofessionals are increasingly used to reach out to target groups, particularly ethnic minorities, and are themselves usually members of the target group. Employment counselors often need to provide guidance for people belonging to ethnic minorities. The authors recommend that employment counselors use paraprofessionals as partners in this process. 相似文献
215.
Planning and realization of complex intentions in traumatic brain injury and normal aging 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The realization of delayed intentions (i.e., prospective memory) is a highly complex process composed of four phases: intention formation, retention, re-instantiation, and execution. The aim of this study was to investigate if executive functioning impairments are related to problems in the formation, re-instantiation, and execution of a delayed complex intention. In this context, it was another aim of the study to investigate the executive functioning hypothesis of cognitive aging in prospective memory performance. It was, therefore, explored if age-related prospective memory decline leads to similar decrements in the process of prospective remembering as executive functioning-related decline in young patients with traumatic brain injury. A group of patients with traumatic brain injury with retrospective memory within normal limits but impaired executive functions, a group of healthy older and a group of healthy younger adults completed a complex prospective memory task that allows for the separate assessment of the four phases of the prospective memory process. All groups showed a similarly high performance in the intention retention phase, whereas the patients with deficits in executive functioning and the older participants performed worse than the healthy young participants in the intention formation, re-instantiation and execution phases. The importance of executive functioning for prospective remembering in traumatic brain injury and normal aging is discussed. 相似文献
216.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced virtual lesions in healthy subjects can be used to test neurofunctional models of disease. The interhemispheric rivalry model of heminglect is well suited for such investigations, as simple predictions derived from clinical data can be tested without the caveats normally associated with lesion studies. One of these predictions is that release from contralateral inhibition should lead to increased parietal responsiveness, which, in turn, would enhance spatial attention. Here, we detail studies showing TMS-induced paradoxical functional facilitation of attention in healthy individuals and highlight their contribution to the understanding and treatment of neglect syndromes. 相似文献
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David Fonte Marie-Claude Lagouanelle-Simeoni Thémis Apostolidis 《Self and identity》2018,17(2):194-210
We show that the development of psychosocial skills promoting self-management of a chronic disease is associated with the acquisition of a social identity valued in the ideological context of reference. To do this, we focus on a skill that is important for people suffering from a chronic disease to acquire: Assuming responsibility for self-managing one’s own pathology. Because acting responsibly is also a skill socially attributed to the identity of adults in Western liberal societies, we studied the chronically ill’s sense of belonging to the adult social group. In Study 1 (N = 102 diabetics), we suggested that behaving like a “responsible adult” in the self-management of a chronic disease is socially valued. In Study 2 (N = 261 diabetics), we suggested that identification with this group is associated with a feeling of responsibility promoting improved self-management behaviors. The results obtained from the two studies are consistent with our hypotheses. They allow us to conceptualize psychosocial skills through the identity, ideological and normative issues that underpin their development. 相似文献