Negation of Park's transformations

Zusammenfassung Parks Kritik beruht, meiner Ansicht nach, auf einem entscheidenden Mißverständnis meiner Intentionen: es geht mir überhaupt nicht um eine Argumentation gegen eine Transformationsgrammatik à la Chomsky, und nicht einmal in erster Linie gegen die Absicht mancher Psycholinguisten, eine derartige Theorie in ihren psychischen Funktionen aufzuzeigen. Ich möchte lediglich dafür plädieren, daß die Psycholinguistik in erster Linie psychologische (und nicht linguistische) Überlegungen und Modellvorstellungen als Leitlinien verwendet.     

The church and prevention of alcoholism

Conclusion The task of the church is to join a coalition for the improvement of community resources for the alcoholic through legislation and appropriation of funds; to train a task force of clergymen and lay counselors who are able to assist mental health professionals and A. A. members; and to communicate the Word of Reconciliation to those who are hungering and thirsting for the right life. We are able to help the alcoholic as he discovers new values and experiences without compulsive drinking. Clinebell summarizes the ministry of the church to the alcoholic when he points out: The most important thing a congregation must give a recovering alcoholic is a sense of acceptance in the fellowship. Such direct involvement in helping deeply troubled people forces a congregation to test the reality of its dedication to loving God and neighbor.⁴² May God help the church to be the church for the alcoholic.a pilot project sponsored by the Makiki Christian Church, is also a staff member of the Diamond Head Mental Health Clinic, a research and training facility cooperating with the University of Hawaii School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry. He is a member of the American Psychological Association and the National Rehabilitation Association and an associate member of the Academy.     

A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis

We describe a general procedure by which any number of parameters of the factor analytic model can be held fixed at any values and the remaining free parameters estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The generality of the approach makes it possible to deal with all kinds of solutions: orthogonal, oblique and various mixtures of these. By choosing the fixed parameters appropriately, factors can be defined to have desired properties and make subsequent rotation unnecessary. The goodness of fit of the maximum likelihood solution under the hypothesis represented by the fixed parameters is tested by a large samplex ² test based on the likelihood ratio technique. A by-product of the procedure is an estimate of the variance-covariance matrix of the estimated parameters. From this, approximate confidence intervals for the parameters can be obtained. Several examples illustrating the usefulness of the procedure are given.This work was supported by a grant (NSF-GB 1985) from the National Science Foundation to Educational Testing Service.     

A method for sensation scaling based on an analogy between perception and judgment

Two techniques for studying judgment are discussed. In the first of these one assumes invariance of perception over different judgment processes and conceives of the properties of one judgment process as known. Then, perceptions may be estimated under this process and utilized in the study of other judgment processes of interest. A second technique disposes of the reliance up on a basic, “known” process and instead suggests that perception be treated as free parameters to be estimated from data. The paper then proceeds to show how this second technique may be used under certain conditions on perception themselves. A concept of sensation is introduced which is thought of as generating percepts in formally the same manner as percepts are thought of as generating judgments. The idea is tried out on the perception of movement time. A simple perception process appears to give a good fit to data.     

Evaluation of visual display surfaces by real users early in the design stage

Groups of non-computer scientists were tested to evaluate the potential of an as yet non-existent interactive terminal with a screen diagonal of one meter. A simulated large image terminal provided limited realistic interactions using software developed to give close proximity to the predicted visual effect. Subjective responses from 101 subjects were elicited from a questionnaire designed to evaluate specific aspects of the “terminal” in use. From this data, two types of screen (lenticular and plain) and two types of interaction devices (touch and remote pointer) were analyzed experimentally using a two-way factorial design. Potential end-users provided positive feedback concerning future use of the Large Image Terminal. Building a realistic mock-up revealed screen contaminations which would not have been discovered until a much later stage. Although statistical analysis of screen evaluations was equivocal, the questionnaire was sufficiently penetrating to separate the positive and negative features. This methodology was invaluable in guiding the design process. Copies of the questionnaire may be obtained from the authors at the Heriot-Watt address.     

The importance of a holistic concept of health for health care. Examples from the clinic

One of my main points in this study is that the knowledge of orthodox medical theory is an incomplete guide for practical action when relating to our patients' specifically human problems. By following a holistic perspective on patients' health and on our medical enterprise we will be more efficient as doctors. This standpoint is illuminated by means of two case reports. Instead of focusing on symptoms as such and letting them refer to orthodox medical theory, I explicitly relate to the patients as if they are conveying a personal meaning by means of experienced symptoms. The experience of illness could be a successful strategy on the existential level although destructive on the technical biological level. A holistic theory of health can give doctors a good conceptual base when relating to people whose presented illnesses are to be regarded explicitly as their way of making themselves understood. The doctor's understanding of the patient's illness, of the theory of health, and of how health is regained, is dependent on the doctor's having the courage to reduce the distance to the patient, the courage to participate and be changed.     

A neural-network model enabling sensorimotor learning: Application to the control of arm movements and some implications for speech-motor control and stuttering

Summary Low-level motor control is defined as adapting an organism to the unique physical properties of its own limbs. The two-jointed arm serves to exemplify that effective low-level motor control demands a neurally mediated inversion of the dynamics, as well as of the kinematics, of a limb system. Reflex-like processing — that is, feedforword of either actual or predicted proprioceptive signals —is thereby assumed to be the principle of the dynamics control. As regards speech-motor control, the overall tool transformation is assumed to transform the force pattern of the articulatory muscles into speech sounds. Like the arm model, the vocal-tract transformation thus defined is also divided into two parts, namely the transformation relating the muscle forces to the mechanospatial states of the vocal tract (which is analogous to the forward dynamics including natural interarticulatory couplings), and the transformation relating the mechanospatial states to the speech sounds. Low-level speech-motor control, then, needs to invert both transformations, each of which can be learned by means of the self-imitation algorithm. Erroneous learning can fail to decouple interarticulatory coupling and therefore lead to abnormal feedback loops through the reflex-like operating neural network, which in turn can cause stuttering if audiophonatoric coupling is involved in learning.     

The Ramsey Test and Conditional Semantics

Proponents of the projection strategy take an epistemic rule for the evaluation of English conditionals, the Ramsey test, as clue to the truth-conditional semantics of conditionals. They also construe English conditionals as stronger than the material conditional. Given plausible assumptions, however, the Ramsey test induces the semantics of the material conditional. The alleged link between Ramsey test and truth conditions stronger than those of the material conditional can be saved by construing conditionals as ternary, rather than binary, propositional functions with a hidden contextual parameter. But such a ternary construal raises problems of its own.