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281.
Knight M Seymour TL Gaunt JT Baker C Nesmith K Mather M 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2007,7(4):705-714
Previous findings reveal that older adults favor positive over negative stimuli in both memory and attention (for a review, see Mather & Carstensen, 2005). This study used eye tracking to investigate the role of cognitive control in older adults' selective visual attention. Younger and older adults viewed emotional-neutral and emotional-emotional pairs of faces and pictures while their gaze patterns were recorded under full or divided attention conditions. Replicating previous eye-tracking findings, older adults allocated less of their visual attention to negative stimuli in negative-neutral stimulus pairings in the full attention condition than younger adults did. However, as predicted by a cognitive-control-based account of the positivity effect in older adults' information processing tendencies (Mather & Knight, 2005), older adults' tendency to avoid negative stimuli was reversed in the divided attention condition. Compared with younger adults, older adults' limited attentional resources were more likely to be drawn to negative stimuli when they were distracted. These findings indicate that emotional goals can have unintended consequences when cognitive control mechanisms are not fully available. 相似文献
282.
Gustavo Carlo Scott C. Roesch George P. Knight Silvia H. Koller 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2001,22(6):107
Recent theoretical discussion of the influence of between- and within-culture factors on social behaviors suggests that both approaches may be useful. The present study was designed to investigate the joint influence of sociocultural (between-group) and individual (within-group) factors on resource allocation preferences. Brazilian (n=166) and European–American (n=99) children with ages ranging from 37 to 140 months were administered a resource allocation task, which consisted of distributing rewards to themselves or to an acquaintance. As expected, individualistic resource allocation preferences decreased with age, whereas competitive and cooperative resource allocation preferences increased with age. Culture group, the task-specific cognitive demands, and the gender of the child, however, moderated these age differences. For example, gender differences in resource allocation preferences were stronger among Brazilians as compared to European–Americans and stronger in the reduced cognitive demand condition. Models of cooperative and competitive behaviors that consider the role of culture group, gender, and cognitive development and applied implications are discussed. 相似文献
283.
MacKenzie Piro Peter B. Zeldow Sara J. Knight Johanna J. Mytko William J. Gradishar 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2001,8(4):263-271
Agency, communion, unmitigated agency (UA), and unmitigated communion (UC) are related to psychosocial health outcomes in nonclinical and medical populations. This study examined the relationship between these personality traits and emotional and interpersonal well-being, as up to 50% of women experience difficulties in psychosocial adjustment after being diagnosed with breast cancer. Seventy-four women newly diagnosed with breast cancer completed baseline assessment measures within 2 weeks prior to their first chemotherapy treatment or at the beginning of their hormonal therapy. Findings indicate that (1) agency and UA are important correlates of emotional and interpersonal adjustment and should be considered when attempting to identify women at high risk for psychosocial distress, and (2) UC deserves increased attention in behavioral medicine research, given its strong relationship with emotional distress in a breast cancer population. Thus, evidence continues to accumulate regarding the important relationship of these personality traits to psychosocial outcomes in medical populations. 相似文献
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286.
Heidi T. May Tami L. Bair Brenda Reiss-Brennan Stacey Knight Jeffrey L. Anderson Benjamin D. Horne 《Psychology, health & medicine》2017,22(8):919-931
Depression has been reported to be associated with a greater risk of death and cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the impact of antidepressants (ADM) on CVD risk remains controversial. Statin use is known to decrease CVD risk. Whether the use of these medications together affects CVD risk has not been studied. Patients (N = 26,828) completing the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), ≥40 years of age, without prior CVD, and no prior ADM use were studied. Depressive severity was categorized as none-mild (PHQ-9 score ≤14, n = 21,517) and moderate-severe (PHQ-9 score ≥15, n = 5311). Cox hazard regression was used to evaluate the association of no ADM/no statin use (n = 23,104 [86.1%]), ADM/no statin use (n = 877 [3.3%]), no ADM/statin use (n = 2627 [9.8%]), and ADM/statin use (n = 220 [.8%]) with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: death, CAD, stroke). Patients averaged 56 ± 12 years; 61% female. There were 1182 (4.4%) 3 year MACE events. The association of ADM and statin use with MACE varied by depressive symptom severity, with statin therapy associated with a decreased risk in the none-mild group (HR = .78, p = .007) and ADM in the moderate-high group (HR = 0.58, p = 0.02). Concomitant use of ADMs and statins did not appear to provide additive benefit. 相似文献
287.
Caroline Knight Malcolm Patterson Jeremy Dawson Jayne Brown 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2017,26(5):634-649
This study evaluated whether a participatory action research intervention with nursing staff on acute care older people National Health Service wards in the United Kingdom was effective for increasing work engagement. Mediation analyses between job resources (social support, influence in decision-making), job demands, work-related needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness), and work engagement explored the presumed psychological mechanisms underlying the intervention. A non-randomized, matched control group, pretest, post-test design involved three intervention and five control wards. A significant decrease in relatedness, and a borderline significant decrease in competence, was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group, with no effect on work engagement (N = 45). Work-related needs mediated between resources and work engagement, supporting the job demands-resources model and self-determination theory as an underlying explanatory theory. Intervention implementation was difficult, highlighting the need for participant and organizational readiness for change, and strong management support. This is the first known study to apply participatory techniques to increase work engagement in nursing staff and explore the underlying explanatory psychological mechanisms, offering a novel means of taking work engagement research forward. Crucially, it highlights the challenges involved in intervention research and the importance of including evaluations of intervention implementation alongside statistical evaluations to avoid erroneous conclusions. 相似文献
288.
Knight DC Smith CN Cheng DT Stein EA Helmstetter FJ 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(3):317-325
Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have characterized brain systems involved in conditional response
acquisition during Pavlovian fear conditioning. However, the functional neuroanatomy underlying the extinction of human conditional
fear remains largely undetermined. The present study used fMRI to examine brain activity during acquisition and extinction
of fear conditioning. During the acquisition phase, participants were either exposed to light (CS) presentations that signaled
a brief electrical stimulation (paired group) or received light presentations that did not serve as a warning signal (control
group). During the extinction phase, half of the paired group subjects continued to receive the same treatment, whereas the
remainder received light alone. Control subjects also received light alone during the extinction phase. Changes in metabolic
activity within the amygdala and hippocampus support the involvement of these regions in each of the procedural phases of
fear conditioning. Hippocampal activity developed during acquisition of the fear response. Amygdala activity increased whenever
experimental contingencies were altered, suggesting that this region is involved in processing changes in environmental relationships.
The present data show learning-related amygdala and hippocampal activity during human Pavlovian fear conditioning and suggest
that the amygdala is particularly important for forming new associations as relationships between stimuli change. 相似文献
289.
Knight TA 《Psychological reports》2003,93(1):66-68
Instructions for the Matrix Reasoning subtest of the WAIS-III do not communicate to examinees that the subtest is untimed. The present study examined what percentage of participants (34 women, 26 men, M age = 20.1; 55 Caucasian, 3 African American, 2 Hispanic) made the assumption that Matrix Reasoning was timed, and its effect on examinees' scores. 55% of participants receiving standard instructions retrospectively reported assuming the subtest was timed, and those who did not assume Matrix Reasoning was timed scored significantly higher than participants who did. Participants receiving additional instructions that clarified the untimed nature of Matrix Reasoning scored significantly higher than those receiving standard instructions who believed the subtest was timed. 相似文献
290.
Visual implicit memory in the left hemisphere: evidence from patients with callosotomies and right occipital lobe lesions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yonelinas AP Kroll NE Baynes K Dobbins IG Frederick CM Knight RT Gazzaniga MS 《Psychological science》2001,12(4):293-298
Identification of visually presented objects and words is facilitated by implicit memory for past visual experiences with those items. Several behavioral and neuroimaging studies suggest that this form of memory is dependent on perceptual processes localized in the right occipital lobe. We tested this claim by examining implicit memory in patients with extensive right occipital lobe lesions, using lexical-decision, mirror-reading, picture-fragment, and word-fragment-completion tests, and found that these patients exhibited normal levels of priming. We also examined implicit memory in patients with complete callosotomies, using standard and divided-visual-field word-fragment-completion procedures, and found that the isolated left hemisphere exhibited normal priming effects. The results indicate that the right occipital lobe does not play a necessary role in visual implicit memory, and that the isolated left hemisphere can support normal levels of visual priming in a variety of tasks. 相似文献