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121.
The two most used instruments to assess masculinity (M) and femininity (F) are the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personality Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Two hypotheses will be tested: a) multidimensionality versus bidimensionality, and b) to what extent the two instruments, elaborated to measure the same constructs, classify subjects in the same way. Participants were 420 high school students, 198 women and 222 men, aged 12-15 years. Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency analysis were carried out and log-linear models were tested. The data support a) the multidimensionality of both instruments and b) the lack of full concordance in the classification of persons according to the fourfold typology. Implications of the results are discussed regarding the supposed theory behind instrumentality/ expressiveness and masculinity/femininity, as well as for the use of both instruments to classify different subjects into the four distinct types. 相似文献
122.
Sean Duffy Janellen Huttenlocher Larry V. Hedges L. Elizabeth Crawford 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(2):224-230
The category adjustment model (CAM) proposes that estimates of inexactly remembered stimuli are adjusted toward the central value of the category of which the stimuli are members. Adjusting estimates toward the average value of all category instances, properly weighted for memory uncertainty, maximizes the average accuracy of estimates. Thus far, the CAM has been tested only with symmetrical category distributions in which the central stimulus value is also the mean. We report two experiments using asymmetric (skewed) distributions in which there is more than one possible central value: one where the frequency distribution shifts over the course of time, and the other where the frequency distribution is skewed. In both cases, we find that people adjust estimates toward the category’s running mean, which is consistent with the CAM but not with alternative explanations for the adjustment of stimuli toward a category’s central value. 相似文献
123.
Verb bias, or the tendency of a verb to appear with a certain type of complement, has been employed in psycholinguistic literature
as a tool to test competing models of sentence processing. To date, the vast majority of sentence processing research involving
verb bias has been conducted almost exclusively with monolingual speakers, and predominantly with monolingual English speakers,
despite the fact that most of the world’s population is bilingual. To test the generality of competing theories of sentence
comprehension, it is important to conduct cross-linguistic studies of sentence processing and to add bilingual data to theories
of sentence comprehension. Given this, it is critical for the field to develop verb bias estimates from monolingual speakers
of languages other than English and from bilingual populations. We begin to address these issues in two norming studies. Study
1 provides verb bias norming data for 135 Spanish verbs. A second aim of Study 1 was to determine whether verb bias estimates
remain stable over time. In Study 2, we asked whether Spanish—English speakers are able to learn verb-specific information,
such as verb bias, in their second language. The answer to this question is critical to conducting studies that examine when,
during the course of sentence comprehension, bilingual speakers exploit verb information specific to the second language.
To facilitate cross-linguistic work, we compared our verb bias results with those provided by monolingual English speakers
in a previous norming study conducted by Garnsey, Lotocky, Pearlmutter, and Myers (1997). Our Spanish data demonstrated that
individual verbs showed significant similarities in their verb bias across the 3 years of data collection. We also show that
bilinguals are able to learn the biases of verbs in their second language, even when immersed in the first language environment.
Appendixes A–C, containing the bilingual norms discussed in the article, may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
124.
The goal of this study was to analyse how the context in which animals remain during the period of access to food modulates the development of activity-based anorexia in rats. For this purpose, the effect of changing the context of the activity period and the eating period was measured in terms of body weight loss, reduction in food intake and increase in physical activity. A 2 yen 2 factorial design was implemented, by having or not having access to a running wheel, and by being exposed or not exposed to a context change. Results showed that exposure to different contexts for the wheel and for the food did not affect weight loss, food intake or activity levels. These results are in line with the theoretical position of Epling and Pierce (1992) that activity is induced by the food restriction regime. 相似文献
125.
In this study, peer relationships of minors in residential care in a school context are analysed, both from the perspective of the peers and the teachers. Using a sociometric test and an evaluation protocol for teachers in 50 classrooms, a sample of 60 minors in care is compared to a normative sample of 843 minors. The results show that minors in residential care have a higher rate of rejection by their classmates in academic activities, but not for leisure ones. Furthermore, in comparison with the normative sample, they are more frequently described with negative adjectives. There is a high level of agreement between the peer evaluation and that of the teachers in the most visible aspects in the classroom. The implications of these results for the improvement of the adjustment of this group are discussed. 相似文献
126.
This research examines whether Psychology students, when they test clinical hypotheses, follow either confirmatory or disconfirmatory reasoning strategies. Two hundred and six psychology students, divided in four groups, participated. One group received information about the probability that the hypothesis was correct by means of verbal labels, and another group, by means of numerical expressions. An additional group received the information that getting a precise diagnosis was clinically important. In a last group, diagnostic tests allowed them to increase certainty about the hypothesis. Results show a partial use of confirmatory strategies because, although participants did not seek confirming information, they indeed avoided collecting disconfirming information. When the information increased certainty about the hypothesis, confirmatory strategies became more likely. Neither the increase in the task importance nor the numerical expression of the likelihood that the hypothesis was correct seemed to affect the testing strategy used. 相似文献
127.
Five experiments provide evidence for a primacy effect in the formation of inductive categories. Participants completed a category induction task in which they observed and reproduced a set of lines that varied in length but were serially ordered so that they increased or decreased in length. Subsequent estimates of the average of the distribution were systematically biased in the direction of stimuli encountered at the beginning of the induction task, suggesting that initially encountered stimuli exert greater weight in a category representation than do subsequent stimuli. We offer possible explanations for why this primacy effect might arise. 相似文献
128.
Saul J Duffy J Noonan R Lubell K Wandersman A Flaspohler P Stillman L Blachman M Dunville R 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):197-205
This article illustrates ideas for bridging science and practice generated during the Division of Violence Prevention's (DVP) dissemination/implementation planning process. The difficulty of moving what is known about what works into broader use is near universal, and this planning process pushed us to look beyond the common explanations (e.g., providers were resistant/unwilling to change practice) and think about the multiple layers and systems involved. As part of this planning process, the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF) was developed and then applied to the fields of child maltreatment and youth violence prevention. Challenges for each of the three systems in the ISF are discussed as well as and action and research ideas to address the challenges. Also described are actions taken by DVP in response to the planning process to illustrate how a funder can use the ISF to bridge science and practice. 相似文献
129.
Vallée-Tourangeau F Payton T 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2008,61(4):625-640
In the 2-4-6 rule discovery task, reasoners seek to discover a rule that governs the arrangement of three numbers (or triple). The to-be-discovered rule is “ascending numbers”. Upon being given the triple 2-4-6 as an initial example, however, reasoners tend to formulate algebraically specific hypotheses. Traditionally, this task is conducted primarily from an internal representation of the triples and candidate hypotheses. More recently, substantial representational effects have been demonstrated wherein an external representation of the dimensions of the problem space facilitated successful rule discovery. In the two experiments reported here, an interactive graphical representation was created by concurrently plotting each triple produced by the participants. In Experiment 1, participants who performed the task with this external representation were more likely to discover the rule than were a group of control participants. Experiment 2 replicated the effect but also assessed participants' hypotheses for each triple generated. Results indicated that a graphical representation of the triples fostered the development of hypotheses that were less constrained by the implied algebraic specificity of the initial triple. 相似文献
130.
Karine St-Jean Teresa Kus Gilles Dupuis Karine Lévesque Bernard Thibault Peter G. Guerra Reginald Nadeau Bianca D’Antono 《Applied research in quality of life》2008,3(4):235-249
Health-related quality of life (QoL) is reduced in patients with recurrent vasovagal (VVS) or unexplained (US) syncope. Little
is known regarding these patients’ QoL as pertains to their capacity to attain their life goals. Factors influencing QoL,
such as sex, syncope type and illness representations have not been studied. Our objective is to examine the relationship
between illness representations and QoL, as well as possible sex and syncope type differences. One hundred and four patients
undergoing tilt-table testing (TTT) for recurrent syncope were interviewed one month before TTT, using questionnaires. Data
were analysed using ANCOVAs, a-priori Helmert contrasts for illness representations, and regressions. Patients with US had
a poor QoL compared to those with VVS [F(1, 91) = 10.46; p < 0.01], particularly in men (p < 0.01). Patients with higher perceived syncope severity showed an impoverished QoL relative to those with less severe perceptions
[F(1, 91) = 5.47; p < 0.05]. A hierarchical regression revealed that illness representations mediate the impact of lifetime number of syncope
on QoL. In conclusion, QoL is reduced in these patients, and is influenced by illness representations. Helping patients change their
perceptions about their syncope may be an efficient way to promote QoL. 相似文献