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11.
Prior research indicates survey procedures that signal significance and individualized mailings have higher response rates. Thus, it was hypothesized that surveys delivered via Priority mail would result in higher return rates than surveys delivered via First-Class. 260 surveys were sent to individuals randomly selected from lists of licensed physical and behavioral healthcare providers in Alaska and New Mexico. Half of the selected individuals were assigned randomly to receive mailings using Priority mail, the other half received First-Class mailings. Return rate was 39% for First-Class and 35% for Priority. Z tests of proportion indicated no statistically significant differences between methods. Given increased costs with no resultant increase in response rate, sending surveys to potential participants via Priority mail does not appear warranted. 相似文献
12.
Ialongo N McCreary BK Pearson JL Koenig AL Wagner BM Schmidt NB Poduska J Kellam SG 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2002,32(3):256-271
The objectives of the present study were four-fold. First, to determine the lifetime, last year, and 6-month prevalence and demographic correlates of suicidal behavior in a defined population of urban, African American young adults. Second, to determine the degree of mental health service utilization among attempters. Third, to study the comorbidity between mental disorders and suicidal behavior, along with the variation in the numbers and types of psychiatric disorders associated with attempts versus ideation only. Fourth, to examine gender differences in the psychiatric diagnoses associated with attempts and ideation. Data relevant to each of these objectives were gathered through structured interviews of 1,157 economically disadvantaged, African American young adults. Lifetime, last year, and 6-month prevalence rates for attempts were 5.3%, 1.2%, and 0.4%, respectively, whereas the lifetime and 6-month prevalence of ideation were 14% and 1.9%, respectively. Approximately two thirds of those who reported lifetime ideation, and a similar proportion of those who reported lifetime attempts, had a history of at least one lifetime psychiatric disorder. There were no gender differences in terms of the degree of risk for suicidal behavior (ideation or attempts) associated with any of the comorbid psychiatric diagnoses assessed. Despite the severity of most attempts, few attempters received mental health services in their lifetime or at the time of their most recent attempt. 相似文献
13.
George W. Rebok Corey B. Smith Daisy M. Pascualvaca Allan F. Mirsky Bruno J. Anthony Sheppard G. Kellam 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(1):28-46
Abstract In an earlier study of an epidemiological sample of 435 urban 8-year-old children, factor analytically-derived components of attention, as assessed by neuropsychological tests, were identified and were found to be significantly related to adaptive functioning. In this study we followed that cohort longitudinally and assessed developmental changes in specific aspects of attentional function into early adolescence. Significant reductions in omission errors and improvements in reaction times were found from ages 8 to 13 years on different versions of the Continuous Performance Task, a measure of sustained attention, with the effects varying by task difficulty level and subjects' gender. Significant improvements across age also were found on measures of the ability to focus attention and execute a response, shift attentional focus, and encode information in memory. In general, the most rapid changes in attention occurred between ages 8 to 10 years with more gradual changes occurring between ages 10 to 13. The results highlight the importance of developmental epidemiological approaches for assessing and predicting the normal evolution of attentional function in school-aged children. 相似文献
14.
D. A. Powell Joselyn McLaughlin John Churchwell Teddy Elgarico Adrian Parker 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,37(3):215-227
Two experiments were conducted to ascertain the cardiovascular accompaniments of differential Pavlovian jaw movement (JM)
conditioning. The first examined the blood pressure (BP) changes that accompany the tachycardiac conditioned responses (CRs)
associated with JM conditioning. The BP response in all instances consisted of a depressor response that was greater to the
reinforced CS+ than CS-, although the magnitude of the CR was quite small. The second experiment determined the effects of
peripheral autonomic antagonists on the cardiac accelerations associated with JM conditioning. It was found that the peripheral
vagal antagonist methyl scopolamine completely abolished responses to both CS+ and CS-, whereas atenolol, a beta adrenergic
antagonist, augmented the response, compared to saline control injections. The JM responses were also affected by the autonomic
blockades, with minimal responding occurring in the scopolamine group but slightly more JM CRs in the atenolol group, compared
to saline control animals. These results suggest that the major cardiovascular response to an appetitive stimulus, which evokes
JM conditioning, consists of cardiac accelerations with the BP depressor responses playing a minimal, if any, role. Moreover,
these conditioned cardiac increases appear to be due solely to the release of vagal inhibition. 相似文献
15.
Nick Ialongo Ph.D. Gail Edelsohn Lisa Werthamer-Larsson Lisa Crockett Sheppard Kellam 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1994,22(4):441-455
It is generally believed that prior to the middle to late elementary school years children's reports of anxious symptoms represent nothing more than transient developmental phenomena. In light of the limited empirical study of this issue and its import to the allocation of mental health resources, the present study seeks to provide empirical evidence of the significance of anxious symptoms in children younger than 7. Specifically, utilizing an epidemiologically defined population of 1197 first-grade children, followed longitudinally from the fall to spring of first grade, we examine the stability, prevalence and caseness of children's self-reports of anxious symptoms. Self-reported anxious symptoms proved relatively stable over 4-month test-retest interval. In addition, they appeared to have a significant impact on academic functioning in terms of reading achievement. These findings on stability, caseness, and prevalence suggest children's self-reported anxious symptoms in the early elementary school years may have clinical significance. However, further study is necessary before firm conclusions can be drawn. 相似文献
16.
Ialongo NS Werthamer L Kellam SG Brown CH Wang S Lin Y 《American journal of community psychology》1999,27(5):599-641
We assessed the immediate effects of two universal, first-grade preventive interventions on the proximal targets of poor achievement, concentration problems, aggression, and shy behaviors, known early risk behaviors for later substance use/abuse, affective disorder, and conduct disorder. The classroom-centered (CC) intervention was designed to reduce these early risk behaviors by enhancing teachers' behavior management and instructional skills, whereas the family-school partnership (FSP) intervention was aimed at improving parent-teacher communication and parental teaching and child behavior management strategies. Over the course of first and second grades, the CC intervention yielded the greatest degree of impact on its proximal targets, whereas the FSP's impact was somewhat less. The effects were influenced by gender and by preintervention levels of risk. Analyses of implementation measures demonstrated that greater fidelity to the intervention protocols was associated with greater impact on behavior ratings and on achievement scores, thus providing some evidence of specificity in the effect of the interventions. 相似文献
17.
Sheppard G. Kellam Lisa Werthamer-Larsson Lawrence J. Dolan C. Hendricks Brown Lawrence S. Mayer George W. Rebok James C. Anthony Jolene Laudolff Gail Edelsohn Leonard Wheeler 《American journal of community psychology》1991,19(4):563-584
Describes a conceptual framework for identifying and targeting developmental antecedents in early childhood that have been shown in previous work to predict delinquency and violent behavior, heavy drug use, depression, and other psychiatric symptoms and possibly disorders in late adolescence and into adulthood. Criteria are described that guided choices of targets for two epidemiologically based, randomized preventive trials carried out in 19 elementary schools in the eastern half of Baltimore, involving more than 2,400 first-grade children over the course of first and second grades. Baseline models derived from the first of two cohorts show the evolving patterns of concurrence among the target antecedents. The central role of concentration problems emerged. From Fall to Spring in first grade, concentration problems led to shy and aggressive behavior and poor achievement in both genders and to depressive symptoms among girls. There was evidence for reciprocal relationships in girls. For example, depressive symptoms led to poor achievement in both girls and boys, whereas poor achievement led to depressive symptoms in girls but not boys, at least over the first-grade year. These results provide important epidemiological data relevant to the developmental paths leading to the problem outcomes and suggest preventive trials. 相似文献
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19.
Daisy M. Pascualvaca Bruno J. Anthony L. Eugene Arnold George W. Rebok Mary Beth Ahearn Sheppard G. Kellam 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(1):13-27
Abstract We administered a comprehensive attentional battery to an epidemiologically defined sample of 435 first-and second-grade children to assess the influence of gender and verbal intelligence on attention. The battery included three versions of the continuous performance test (CPT), two digit cancellation tasks, three subtests from the WISC-R, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The results indicated that both gender and intelligence had an impact on attentional performance. Girls performed better than boys; they made fewer errors on the CPT and obtained higher scores on the digit cancellation task and the Coding subtest of the WISC-R. Children with higher verbal intelligence also performed better on the attentional tests, but this advantage was not observed across measures or levels of performance. For example, children with limited verbal skills performed significantly worse than their peers only in measures with high processing demands (the degraded CPT and the distraction version of the digit cancellation task). 相似文献
20.
We discuss several features of coherent choice functions—where the admissible options in a decision problem are exactly those that maximize expected utility for some probability/utility
pair in fixed set S of probability/utility pairs. In this paper we consider, primarily, normal form decision problems under uncertainty—where
only the probability component of S is indeterminate and utility for two privileged outcomes is determinate. Coherent choice distinguishes between each pair
of sets of probabilities regardless the “shape” or “connectedness” of the sets of probabilities. We axiomatize the theory
of choice functions and show these axioms are necessary for coherence. The axioms are sufficient for coherence using a set
of probability/almost-state-independent utility pairs. We give sufficient conditions when a choice function satisfying our
axioms is represented by a set of probability/state-independent utility pairs with a common utility. 相似文献