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61.
This article is based on a review of recent literature on “computing stress”; that is, on the psychological stress effects
of working with computer systems. Current research into the sources of computer-related stress has tended to concentrate on
those employees who operate Visual Display Units (VDUs), either on a full-time professional basis as word-processor (WP) operators,
data-entry clerks, secretaries, or those dealing with enquiries from the public; or employees who use the VDU irregularly
as part of their other duties. A few studies have looked at specific occupation groups, such as printers (Kalimo & Lepp?nen,
1985), information technology professionals (programers and analysts), process workers, and college students (Sproull, Kiesler,
& Zubrow, 1984). Generally, however, research has been carried out on office workers, more often women, carrying out administrative
tasks. An attempt is made to identify those potential work-related stressors that have been isolated by these studies, and
also included are criticisms of the general methodologies used in many of them.
The terms “visual display unit,” “visual display terminal,” VDU, VDT, and “terminal” are used interchangeably. 相似文献
62.
Brief presentations of letter arrays were probed by bar markers within or outside the fovea after various time delays. Figural
information presented to the foveal region was retained better under a photopic condition than information in the parafoveal
region, but under a scotopic condition parafoveal information demonstrated superior retention. However, decay rates over time
of all functions were similar, demonstrating that figural information in the rods and cones decays at similar rates. 相似文献
63.
Traditional strategies for determining whether a reinforcer schedule enhances the occurrence of an activity are reviewed and critically evaluated. A basic assumption underlying these strategies is that it is possible to isolate the effect of reinforcer intermittency on schedule induction. It is concluded that this is not, in fact, possible. An alternative approach is proposed that emphasizes the inductive effects of the reinforcer schedule as a unit and the effects of particular aspects of the reinforcer schedule (e.g., interreinforcer interval, repetition of the reinforcer, reinforcer magnitude). 相似文献
64.
Bennett I. Bertenthal Dennis R. Proffitt James E. Cutting 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1984,37(2):213-230
Two experiments assessed infant sensitivity to figural coherence in point-light displays moving as if attached to the major joints of a walking person. Experiment 1 tested whether 3- and 5-month-old infants could discriminate between upright and inverted versions of the walker in both moving and static displays. Using an infant-control habituation paradigm, it was found that both ages discriminated the moving but not the static displays. Experiment 2 was designed to clarify whether or not structural invariants were extracted from these displays. The results revealed that (1) moving point-light displays with equivalent motions but different topographic relations were discriminated while (2) static versions were not, and (3) arrays that varied in the amount of motion present in different portions of the display were also not discriminated. These results are interpreted as indicating that young infants are sensitive to figural coherence in displays of biomechanical motion. 相似文献
65.
Smokers and nonsmokers were compared on three aspects of academic achievement. Although exactly the same percentage of smokers
and nonsmokers passed the first-year university examination, smokers obtained significantly higher marks. Similarly, smokers
achieved significantly higher marks in their final year examinations in comparison with nonsmokers. Finally, a comparison
of the tutorial essay marks of the smokers and nonsmokers again showed that smokers obtained significantly higher marks than
nonsmokers. These data are consistent with the idea that ambitious students adopt smoking in the belief that it will help
them study and sustain concentration. 相似文献
66.
67.
Harvey Charles Peters Bagmi Das Mina Attia Maggie M. Parker 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2023,60(1):2-16
Higher education faculty worldwide experienced heightened stressors due to the COVID-19 pandemic, from completing their professional roles and responsibilities virtually to balancing personal and professional stressors. Consequently, the pandemic created many adjustments for pre-tenure counseling faculty across research, teaching, and service. In response to this pandemic, we explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the personal and professional lives of four pre-tenure counseling faculty members. Accordingly, we used collaborative autoethnography to investigate our experiences and narratives as pre-tenure counseling faculty, which resulted in seven overarching themes. We discussed the implications for practice, advocacy, education, and faculty training. 相似文献
68.
Jennifer R. Ledford Cary Trump Kate T. Chazin Sienna A. Windsor Paige Bennett Eyler Kara Wunderlich 《Behavioral Interventions》2023,38(1):198-218
Interruption and redirection (IR) procedures involve systematically disrupting an undesirable behavior and prompting an individual to engage in an alternative behavior. These procedures have been frequently assessed for reducing repetitive behaviors for autistic individuals. The primary purpose of this review was to assess IR interventions to determine whether outcomes vary according to intervention characteristics, dependent variable types, design quality, or publication status. A secondary purpose was to assess the extent to which generalization and maintenance outcomes were measured and whether characteristics of these conditions were related to outcomes. IR interventions were moderately successful for reducing repetitive behaviors but less effective for improving corollary variables such as appropriate vocalizations and functional engagement. Generalization and maintenance outcomes, when measured, were poor. Results indicate the need for alternative or augmentative procedures that focus on engagement in meaningful interactions and activities. 相似文献
69.
Jovita T. Leung Blanca Piera Pi-Sunyer Saz P. Ahmed Lucy Foulkes Cait Griffin Ashok Sakhardande Marc Bennett Darren L. Dunning Kirsty Griffiths Jenna Parker Willem Kuyken J. Mark G. Williams Tim Dalgleish Sarah-Jayne Blakemore 《Infant and child development》2023,32(1):e2386
Mindfulness training programmes have shown to encourage prosocial behaviours and reduce antisocial tendencies in adolescents. However, less is known about whether training affects susceptibility to prosocial and antisocial influence. The current study investigated the effect of mindfulness training (compared with an active control) on self-reported prosocial and antisocial tendencies and susceptibility to prosocial and antisocial influence. 465 adolescents aged 11–16 years were randomly allocated to one of two training programmes. Pre- and post-training, participants completed a social influence task. Self-reported likelihood of engaging in prosocial and antisocial behaviours did not change post-training, and regardless of training group, participants showed a higher propensity for prosocial influence than for antisocial influence. Finally, participants were less influenced by antisocial ratings following both training programmes. 相似文献
70.
William Hodos James C. Bonbright Jr. 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1972,18(3):471-479
Pigeons were trained in a conditional discrimination procedure to discriminate between visual stimuli that varied in intensity. The magnitude of the intensity difference ranged from 0.80 to 0.05 logarithmic units. Psychometric functions were calculated from the data and the mean difference threshold for the 11 subjects was approximately 0.12 logarithmic units. A signal-detection analysis of the data suggested that stimuli that were below the calculated threshold were detectible to the subjects. 相似文献