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Word recognition performance varies systematically as a function of where the eyes fixate in the word. Performance is maximal with the eye slightly left of the center of the word and decreases drastically to both sides of thisoptimal viewing position. While manipulations of lexical factors have only marginal effects on this phenomenon, previous studies have pointed to a relation between the viewing position effect (VPE) and letter legibility: When letter legibility drops, the VPE becomes more exaggerated. To further investigate this phenomenon, we improved letter legibility by magnifying letter size in a way that was proportional to the distance from fixation (e.g., TABLE). Contrary to what would be expected if the VPE were due to limits of acuity, improving the legibility of letters has only a restricted influence on performance. In particular, for long words, a strong VPE remains even when letter legibility is equalized across eccentricities. The failure to neutralize the VPE is interpreted in terms of perceptual learning: Since normally, because of acuity limitations, the only information available in parafoveal vision concerns low-resolution features of letters; even when magnification provides better information, readers are unable to make use of it. 相似文献
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Sanda Stanković Tatjana Vukosavljević-Gvozden 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2011,29(1):17-34
This study extended earlier research (Harrington in Cong Ther Res 30:699–709, 2006) on the relationship of the multidimensional Frustration Discomfort Scale (FDS) with measures of depressed mood, anxiety
and anger, independent of self-esteem. The study employed a non-clinical student sample (N = 323) and measures of both state and trait anger and anxiety. In addition, the Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire
(USAQ) was also used to specifically assess REBT self-acceptance beliefs regarding self-worth, as well as a measure of self-esteem.
A Serbian version of the FDS was developed for use in the study. Consistent with the earlier research, significant predictive
relationships were found, whilst controlling for self-worth, between entitlement and anger, emotional intolerance and anxiety,
and discomfort intolerance with depressed mood. Emotional intolerance also proved to be a significant positive predictor of
depression, whilst achievement frustration had a negative relationship with depression. Overall, the FDS dimensions had a
weaker relationship with emotional states than traits. The results are discussed in regard to the relationship between FDS
dimensions and dysfunctional emotions in a non-clinical sample. 相似文献
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Martin Fishbein DARIUS K-S CHAN KEVIN O'REILLY Dan Schnell Robert Wood Carolyn Beeker David Cohn 《Journal of applied social psychology》1992,22(13):999-1011
The purpose of this study was to test the applicability of the theory of reasoned action as a basis for understanding and predicting gay men's intentions to perform AIDS-related sexual behaviors. A total of 314 self-identified gay or bisexual men from Seattle, Denver, and Albany participated in the study. They were asked to indicate their intentions to perform 15 specific sexual behaviors chosen to represent different degrees of risk of contracting AIDS or other sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, they were asked to respond to items measuring the attitudinal and normative considerations regarding each behavior. As expected, the results showed that the gay men's intentions were significantly predicted by the two factors. More interesting, it was found that, although attitudes are consistently the more important determinants of intentions for all the respondents, the importance of normative considerations varies across cities. This difference in normative considerations is interpreted in light of the differences in the structure of the three gay communities. Implications for designing sample-specific intervention programs are discussed. 相似文献
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Tatjana Sivik MD Ph.D. MA Domagoj Delimar MD Patricia Korenjak MD Natasa Delimar Ph.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1997,32(4):364-372
Ninety soldiers with at least three months of combat exposure—60 injured soldiers (30 with permanent disabling and 30 with
nondisabling injuries), 30 noninjured soldiers and 30 healthy controls—were interviewed and investigated with physiological
(Prolactine, Cortisol, BP, Hb) and psychological tests (MMPI), IES-15 (Impact of Event Scale), PTSS (Post-Traumatic Symptom
Scale). Their was related injuries had a different effect on the physiological stress response of the soldiers as reflected
in the levels of prolactine, cortisol, hemoglobin and blood pressure.
In a report of personality characteristics of the same soldiers, we demonstrated that the experience of posttraumatic stress
was not dependent upon physical injury, but rather on the psychological appraisal of the situation. The results of the present
article confirm earlier findings that the relationship between physiological and psychological consequences of trauma are
complex, and that the perception of an event and the social context within which the traumatized soldier exists is as important
as the event itself. The physiological response to the trauma varied greatly among the soldiers regarding the psychosocial
impact of the consequence of the injury. So the anticipation of future possible trauma among less severely wounded soldiers
(expected to go back to war) was followed by pathological stress responses. Trauma seems to operate somewhat independently
from the overt conscious appraisal of the situation and relationship between psychological, psychosocial, and physiological
aspects are interrelated in a multifactorial way. An integrative approach is therefore of great importance in assessment as
well as in treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Editorial Note This historical article is being published for the first time. It is based on the Ph.D. thesis of Dr. Harry
A. Teitelbaum for which he was awarded a doctorate by the University of Maryland in College Park in 1936. The dissertation
was stored prior to publication and was not rediscovered until 1997. Teitelbaum’s work was performed during the early days
of the development of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate endocrine function. The understanding of the broad
capability of interactions among endocrine glands was evolving. It was a field that Teitelbaum contributed to for several
years, many of which were spent in collaboration with Horsley Gantt in his laboratory at Johns Hopkins. Although some of the
experimental strategies and some of the wording of the report seem quaint today, the contribution of Teitelbaum’s research
was solid and highly relevant to questions being asked at the time. 相似文献
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Effects of computer‐based training on procedural modifications to standard functional analyses
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Lauren K. Schnell Tina M. Sidener Ruth M. DeBar Jason C. Vladescu SungWoo Kahng 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2018,51(1):87-98
Few studies have evaluated methods for training decision‐making when functional analysis data are undifferentiated. The current study evaluated computer‐based training to teach 20 graduate students to arrange functional analysis conditions, analyze functional analysis data, and implement procedural modifications. Participants were exposed to training materials using interactive software during a 1‐day session. Following the training, mean scores on the posttest, novel cases probe, and maintenance probe increased for all participants. These results replicate previous findings during a 1‐day session and include a measure of participant acceptability of the training. Recommendations for future research on computer‐based training and functional analysis are discussed. 相似文献
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Julia Sauter Joanna Stasch Karoline Klemke Anna Emmerling Tatjana Voß 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2018,12(4):352-359
In the Forensic Therapeutic Outpatient department in Berlin a total of n?=?20 individually justified, therapeutically accompanied withdrawals from antiandrogenic treatment have been implemented. The sample was compared with n?=?20 patients under antiandrogenic treatment. Patients with withdrawal have been significantly older, than patients without withdrawal. No differences were found regarding their duration of further imprisonment and standardized risk-assessment (HCR-20, LSI-R, Static-99, Stable-2007, PCL-R). Firsts results of the monitoring of the withdrawals indicate, that the symptom-checklist SCL-90-R is not appropriate for that purpose. However, post-hoc both known sexual reoffendings could be identified by the Massachusetts General Hospital Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. By means of practical experience results are getting discussed. 相似文献
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Tatjana Seizova-Cajić 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1998,60(4):705-718
When two sizes, one perceived by vision and the other by kinesthesia, are apparently equal, the physical relationship between them varies: The sizes may be equal, or the visual size may be larger than the kinesthetic size, or vice versa. In this study, the method of cross-modal matching and the method of magnitude production were used to explore the relationship between apparently equal sizes (5–40 cm) perceived by vision and by kinesthesia. The sizes were linear or circular, and the mode of standard presentation was visual, kinesthetic, or verbal. The size and the direction of the intermodal mismatch varied with the size of the standard. It was also found that an apparent length of movement varied with the direction of movement. In all conditions, the relationship between apparently equal visual and kinesthetic sizes was well approximated by a power function. 相似文献
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Martin Fishbein Darius K-S. Chan Kevin O'Reilly Dan Schnell Robert Wood Carolyn Beeker David Cohn 《Journal of applied social psychology》1993,23(6):417-438
In a recent paper (Fishbein et al., 1992) gay men's attitudes and subjective norms were found to be accurate predictors of their intentions to perform a variety of sexual behaviors. In addition, the relative importance of norms as determinants of intention was found to be greater in Seattle (a city with a well organized gay community) than in Albany (a city in which the gay community is not well organized). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent to which the men's attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions were influenced by a number of situational and individual difference variables. Three hundred and fourteen self-identified gay or bisexual men from Seattle (134), Denver (78), and Albany (102) completed a questionnaire specifically designed for this study. As expected, type of partner and type of sexual activity significantly influenced attitudes, perceived norms, and intentions. In addition, these dependent variables were also influenced, in part, by city of residence, age, and perceived risk of HIV infection. The findings provide additional justification for developing different interventions for gay men in different cities, age, and perceived risk groups. 相似文献
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