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161.
Pfaff JJ Almeida OP Witte TK Waesche MC Joiner TE 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2007,37(6):616-626
Relatively little research has been conducted on the relationship between alcohol misuse and suicidal behavior among the elderly. The current study's aim was to examine whether quantity and frequency of alcohol use and the interaction between these variables are related to current suicidal ideation, previous suicidal ideation/intent, and past suicide attempts in a community sample of 1,010 Australian adults over age 60. Results partially supported our hypotheses. The interaction between quantity and frequency of alcohol use was significant, suggesting that those who use alcohol less frequently but in greater quantities (i.e., binge drinking) are more likely to have a history of suicide attempts. 相似文献
162.
The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: an empirical examination of the moral individual 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Recognizing limitations in classic cognitive moral development theory, several scholars have drawn from theories of identity to suggest that moral behavior results from both moral judgments and moral identity. The authors conducted 2 survey-based studies with more than 500 students and managers to test this argument. Results demonstrated that moral identity and moral judgments both independently influenced moral behavior. In addition, in situations in which social consensus regarding the moral behavior was not high, moral judgments and moral identity interacted to shape moral behavior. This interaction effect indicated that those who viewed themselves as moral individuals pursued the most extreme alternatives (e.g., never cheating, regularly cheating)--a finding that affirms the motivational power of a moral identity. The authors conclude by considering the implications of this research for both theory and practice. 相似文献
163.
Nancy A. Neef Traci Cihon Tracy Kettering Amanda Guld Judah B. Axe Madoka Itoi Ruth DeBar 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(3):235-249
We compared two formats for optional study sessions offered to students in a research methods course. Study sessions alternated
between a game format (e.g., Behavioral Jeopardy) and a student-directed question and answer format, presented in counterbalanced
order across different sections of the same course. The results of the alternating treatments design in Study 1 indicated
that, despite improvements in quiz performance relative to baseline, there were no consistent differences between the two
formats on attendance at the study sessions or on weekly quiz performance. Similar results were obtained in a systematic replication
(Study 2) in which opportunities to respond to game questions were equated across study sessions. 相似文献
164.
Kathleen L Hourihan Samantha Goldberg Tracy L Taylor 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2007,61(2):91-101
This study examined whether spatial location mediates intentional forgetting of peripherally presented words. Using an item-method directed forgetting paradigm, words were presented in peripheral locations at study. A recognition test presented all words at either the same or a different location relative to study. Results showed that while recognition of Remember words was unaffected by test location, when Forget words were presented in the same location at test as at study, recognition accuracy was significantly greater than when presented in a different location. Experiment 2 showed that the speed to localize a previously studied word was faster when it was presented in the same rather than a different study-test location but that the magnitude of this spatial priming was unaffected by memory instruction. We suggest that the location of peripherally presented words is represented in memory and can aid the retrieval of poorly encoded words. 相似文献
165.
166.
Robert H. Stupnisky Robert D. Renaud Raymond P. Perry Joelle C. Ruthig Tara L. Haynes Rodney A. Clifton 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(3):303-330
Due to its widespread popularity, self-esteem is continually being promoted to students despite limited empirical support
for its effectiveness in improving their academic achievement. As a result, constructs that are potentially more salient to
academic performance, such as perceived control, have gone relatively unnoticed. Although past research has examined the link
between students’ academic achievement and either their self-esteem or perceived control, few studies have compared both constructs simultaneously to elucidate which one is more important to academic success. This longitudinal study directly
contrasted the effects of self-esteem and perceived control on the academic performance of 802 first-year college students.
After accounting for incoming ability (high school grades), age, and gender, a structural equation model showed perceived
control positively predicted students’ GPA. In contrast, the predictive effect of self-esteem on GPA was non-existent. Findings
indicate that compared to self-esteem, perceived control is a more powerful predictor of first-year college students’ GPA.
Implications for utilizing educational interventions to boost perceived control among college students are discussed. 相似文献
167.
Joelle C. Ruthig Tara L. Haynes Raymond P. Perry Judith G. Chipperfield 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(1):115-137
Although optimism has several benefits, there are potential drawbacks associated with “too much of a good thing”. Within an
academic context, a possible determinant of the adaptiveness of optimistic bias is whether students have a sense of control
over academic outcomes: optimistically-biased (OB) achievement expectations paired with perceptions of academic control may
enhance performance and well-being; optimistic bias in the absence of perceived control may result in disappointment, poor
performance, and diminished well-being. The current longitudinal study examined academic control cognitions (ACC) among OB
college students (n = 319) versus non-optimistically biased (non-OB) students (n = 321). We also examined the effects of academic optimistic bias on composite measures of college performance (perceived
success, final psychology course grades, cumulative GPA, course attrition) and well-being (positive and negative emotions,
health behaviors, future optimism) 6 months later; and determined whether ACC accounted for those associations. Significant
MANCOVAs showed OB students had greater ACC, better subsequent well-being, and outperformed their non-OB counterparts. These
well-being and performance differences remained significant after statistically accounting for initial aptitude and ACC. Overall,
academic optimistic bias was accompanied by perceived controllability over scholastic outcomes, yet beyond the effects of
ACC, optimistic bias was associated with better year-end performance and well-being. Findings have implications for maximizing
the successful transition of first-year college students. 相似文献
168.
There is growing evidence that self‐affirmation – the process of reflecting upon cherished values or attributes – may have implications for health. Postulated effects range from reducing the defensive resistance to unwelcome health‐risk information to ameliorating the physiological response to stress. In this, the first detailed review of the literature on self‐affirmation and health, we summarise what is known. Self‐affirming can increase acceptance of unwelcome health‐risk information, especially among those at greatest risk. Self‐affirmed participants typically also report more intention to change behaviour postmessage. There is evidence that certain effects of self‐affirming may endure. Self‐affirmation has also been shown to have beneficial effects on the response to stress. There is, however, currently only limited evidence of actual health‐behaviour change following self‐affirmation. We discuss reasons for this and consider key research questions for the next phase of research. 相似文献
169.
This study investigated the association between exposure to community violence (ECV) and school functioning, as well as posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms as a potential mediator of the relationship. PTS symptoms are commonly associated with ECV, and are characterized by difficulty regulating emotions and behaviors. Thus, PTS symptomatology may be one mechanism through which community violence impacts school functioning. The community-based sample included 47 low-income African American children (aged 10-13). Results revealed that ECV was inversely related to academic performance and attendance. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress emerged as a mediator of the relation between ECV and academic performance. Results have implications for urban students who face violence in their communities, and emphasize the need for school-based mental health services. 相似文献
170.
The central question underlying this study revolves around how children process co-reference relationships—such as those evidenced
by pronouns (him) and reflexives (himself)—and how a slowed rate of speech input may critically affect this process. Previous studies of child language processing
have demonstrated that typical language developing (TLD) children as young as 4 years of age process co-reference relations
in a manner similar to adults on-line. In contrast, off-line measures of pronoun comprehension suggest a developmental delay
for pronouns (relative to reflexives). The present study examines dependency relations in TLD children (ages 5–13) and investigates
how a slowed rate of speech input affects the unconscious (on-line) and conscious (off-line) parsing of these constructions.
For the on-line investigations (using a cross-modal picture priming paradigm), results indicate that at a normal rate of speech
TLD children demonstrate adult-like syntactic reflexes. At a slowed rate of speech the typical language developing children displayed a breakdown in automatic syntactic parsing (again, similar to the pattern seen in unimpaired adults).
As demonstrated in the literature, our off-line investigations (sentence/picture matching task) revealed that these children
performed much better on reflexives than on pronouns at a regular speech rate. However, at the slow speech rate, performance
on pronouns was substantially improved, whereas performance on reflexives was not different than at the regular speech rate.
We interpret these results in light of a distinction between fast automatic processes (relied upon for on-line processing
in real time) and conscious reflective processes (relied upon for off-line processing), such that slowed speech input disrupts
the former, yet improves the latter. 相似文献