From A to Z? Retrieval-induced forgetting of non-verbal information indicates how writing systems can shape memory organisation

We investigated retrieval-induced forgetting of motor sequences in samples of Chinese participants. Retrieval-induced forgetting occurs when selective retrieval of a subset of information stored in memory causes forgetting for the non-retrieved rest. This phenomenon critically depends on the organised storage of separate categories of memory representations. In studies with participants from a Western culture (Germany), a categorization in left- and right-hand movements previously had been supported by letter stimuli based on a spatial mental representation of the Roman alphabet. The same assignment of letters from the beginning or end of the alphabet to motor sequences performed either with the left- or the right-hand did not entail retrieval-induced forgetting in the present study, however (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, visual features of displaying to-be-learned sequences additionally supported a distinction into left and right. In Experiment 3, learning trials provided verbal category labels. The occurrence of retrieval-induced forgetting in the latter two experiments suggests language-dependent organisation of non-verbal items in memory.     

The wolfpack effect. Perception of animacy irresistibly influences interactive behavior

Imagine a pack of predators stalking their prey. The predators may not always move directly toward their target (e.g., when circling around it), but they may be consistently facing toward it. The human visual system appears to be extremely sensitive to such situations, even in displays involving simple shapes. We demonstrate this by introducing the wolfpack effect, which is found when several randomly moving, oriented shapes (darts, or discs with "eyes") consistently point toward a moving disc. Despite the randomness of the shapes' movement, they seem to interact with the disc--as if they are collectively pursuing it. This impairs performance in interactive tasks (including detection of actual pursuit), and observers selectively avoid such shapes when moving a disc through the display themselves. These and other results reveal that the wolfpack effect is a novel "social" cue to perceived animacy. And, whereas previous work has focused on the causes of perceived animacy, these results demonstrate its effects, showing how it irresistibly and implicitly shapes visual performance and interactive behavior.     

试论和谐思想的佛教哲学依据

佛教作为一个思想文化体系,蕴涵有许多和谐思想。这些和谐思想对于解决现代社会的诸多问题,具有一定的借鉴作用。构建社会主义和谐社会可以从佛教吸收理论营养,但也不能照单全收,应该研究其深层次的哲学依据,通过其哲学依据来对佛教和谐思想进行辨析。     

测验理论的新发展:多维项目反应理论

多维项目反应理论是基于因子分析和单维项目反应理论两大背景下发展起来的一种新型测验理论。根据被试在完成一项任务时多种能力之间是如何相互作用的,多维项目反应模型可以分为补偿性模型和非补偿性模型两类。本文在系统介绍了当前普遍使用的补偿性模型的基础上,指出后续研究者应关注多维项目反应理论中多级评分和高维空间的多维模型、补偿性和非补偿性模型的融合、参数估计程序的开发和多维测验等值四个方面的研究。     

国外心理咨询师职业耗竭研究现状

职业耗竭是学术界关注的一个新热点,国外心理咨询师的职业耗竭问题也得到了比较系统的研究.通过回顾国外相关研究,从心理咨询师职业耗竭的发生率、影响因素、症状特点、职业易感性等几个方面进行总结,尝试提出干预意见,并对未来研究趋势进行展望.     

"经典诠释学"与"经学诠释学"——兼与魏长宝同志讨论

魏长宝同志在《哲学动态》2005年第1期发表的《经典诠释学与中国哲学研究的范式问题》[1]一文(以下简称《范式问题》,引文只注出处页码),读后令人振奋也深受启迪。窃以为:该文的突出贡献,是敏锐而且准确地捕捉到了中国哲学、尤其是当下和未来中国哲学自身运动和发展的起点、路径和目标,从而使得长期困扰和亟待解决的、中国哲学当代形态的建构问题浮出水面。作为一名中国哲学史研究的从业人员,在长期的工作实践中有这样的体会:由于长时间的徜徉、徘徊于古代文献资料堆中,很容易由对对象的熟悉、欣赏而进入一种热爱乃至痴迷的状态,因而也就极…     

儿童英语句法学习中内隐学习和外显学习的关系

本文以内隐学习理论为基础,采用强分离程序,分别选取有、无英语学习经验的被试,从句法学习方面探讨了儿童英语学习过程中内隐学习和外显学习的作用及关系,结果表明:(1)单纯的内隐学习方式或单纯的外显学习方式都不利于对句法规则的掌握;(2)两种学习方式的协同效应发挥着重要的作用,先外显学习后内隐学习的学习方式有助于句法规则的掌握;(3)内隐学习、先内隐学习后外显学习的学习方式不适用于较简单句法规则的学习;内隐学习也不适用于难度较高的句法规则的学习。     

《悟真篇》修炼金丹略说

《悟真篇》是中国道教内丹修炼著作中的重要经典。历代以来对它的解读多由其它经典的汇注或解读者所得的传授展开,很少能完全按照《悟真篇》文本本身来解读。本文试图在全面搜集《悟真篇》同类诗句的基础上,以《悟真篇》自身解读自身的理路,整理出《悟真篇》基本的修炼框架,对《悟真篇》提供一种新的解读。     

Online monitoring of the social presence effects in a two‐person‐like driving video game using near‐infrared spectroscopy

We examined how a friend's presence affects a performer's prefrontal activation in daily‐life activities using two wireless portable near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices. Participants played a driving video game either solely in the single group or with a friend in the paired group. The two groups (single and paired) were subdivided according to their game proficiency (low and high). The NIRS data demonstrated a significant interaction of group by proficiency. Low‐proficiency players in the paired group showed lower activation than those in the single group, but high‐proficiency players did not. In the paired group, high‐proficiency players showed higher activation than low‐proficiency players, but not in the single group. These results suggest that NIRS detects social presence effects in everyday situations: decreasing prefrontal activation in low‐proficiency performers due to tension reduction and increasing prefrontal activation in high‐proficiency performers due to increased arousal.