相互作用·本质契合与规律生成——兼与鲁品越教授商榷

《哲学动态》2008年第5期发表了鲁品越教授《生成论规律观与马克思主义哲学原理建设》一文。(以下简称鲁文)其文观点独到,令人耳目一新,读后深受启发。下面结合鲁文所论,来谈谈自己的一些思考和体会,以求得到指正。一鲁文认为,客观规律在事物相互作用中生成。对此,我深以为然。     

清凉胜境中的禅茶——五台山茶文化

目前,随着社会经济的高速发展,人民的物质生活和精神生活也随之不断提高。而茶饮及茶文化这一我国自古以来的传统也迅速地融入人们的日常生活。但有关茶文化的概念还存在一些分歧乃至混乱现象。     

平滑滚动引导式和快速系列视觉呈现式中文文本阅读工效研究

本研究在机控速度条件下,考察了显示窗口大小(10字和20字)、显示速度(300字／分和600字／分)和文本显示方式(平滑滚动的引导式和快速系列视觉呈现)等因素对VDT中文文本阅读工效的影响。实验结果发现：(1)300字／分的显示速度有利于阅读理解;(2)在本实验条件下,平滑滚动引导式的可读性优于快速系列视觉呈现式。最后,作者结合有关中文眼动研究理论,对上述结果的成因进行了简要探讨。     

任务指向型干预手段对教师教学监控能力的影响

本研究采用任务指向型干预手段,对１０名小学教师教学监控能力进行训练。结果发现：训练不仅提高了教师教学监控能力,而且提高了教师对教学的认知水平,改善了教师 教学行为。     

Riskier for me or for others? The role of domain and probability in self-other differences,in risky decision-making

Abstract

In social and economic interactions, people often decide differently for others, as against for themselves, under situations involving risks. This sometimes leads to conflicts or contradictions. Although previous studies have explored such contradictions, the findings have been inconsistent. To reconcile these inconsistencies, this paper investigates the role played by the different domains and probabilities in the self-other differences under risk. Two groups of participants completed a gambling task combining different domains (gain vs. loss) and probabilities (small vs. large). One group made decisions for others and the other group made decisions for themselves. The results revealed a four pattern of discrepancy: the ones who made decisions for others were less risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability gains. This was reversed over the large probability gains. Conversely, the participants who made decisions for others were more risk-seeking than those who made decisions for themselves over the small probability losses. The results were reversed over the large probability losses. These results reconcile the contradictory findings of the previous studies and suggest the significant role played by contextual factors in such discrepancies.     

积极怀旧情绪对疼痛共情影响的ERP研究

采用ERP技术比较积极怀旧情绪诱发组被试和中性情绪组被试在判断疼痛/非疼痛图片刺激时的疼痛共情反应,探讨积极怀旧情绪对个体疼痛共情加工的影响及其电生理学机制。结果发现,在P2成分和晚期的P3成分上,积极怀旧情绪下的疼痛图片比中性情绪下的疼痛图片诱发了更大的波幅。疼痛图片比非疼痛图片诱发更大的P2、N2、P3及400～600 ms正成分的波幅。结果表明积极怀旧情绪的诱发促进个体对疼痛刺激的加工和共情。     

召唤封建亡灵——反科学思潮出现在中国的一大特色

二十多年来,中国经济建设取得的成就,前所未有,举世瞩目,无可争议。但出现的问题之多,社会矛盾加剧,也是前所未有。借此,有人将这些问题的产生,归咎于改革,还有人追源溯始,怪罪到“五四”新文化运动请来德先生和赛先生。或称在中国实行民主,是“祸国殃民的选择”;或将陈独秀提出“国人欲脱蒙昧时代,羞为浅化之民也,则急起直追,当以科学与人权并重”,视为“用极端丑化中国文化、浮夸西方科学之伟大的手段,误导社会”。他们赞帝王独裁之体制为德政之所出,奉愚昧落后之文化糟粕为不可触动之传统,是古非今,自觉不自觉地在为封建亡灵招魂。一、皇…     

Characteristics of Unintentional Movements by a Multijoint Effector

The authors explored the phenomenon of unintentional changes in the equilibrium state of a multijoint effector produced by transient changes in the external force. The subjects performed a position-holding task against a constant force produced by a robot and were instructed not to intervene voluntarily with movements produced by changes in the robot force. The robot produced a smooth force increase leading to a hand movement, followed by a dwell time. Then, the force dropped to its initial value leading to hand movement toward the initial position, but the hand stopped short of the initial position. The undershoot magnitude increased linearly with the peak hand displacement and exponentially with dwell time (time constant of about 1 s). For long dwell times, the hand stopped at about half the total distance to the initial position. The authors interpret the results as consequences of a drift of the referent hand coordinate. Our results provide support for back-coupling between the referent and actual body configurations during multijoint actions and produce the first quantitative analysis of this phenomenon. This mechanism can also explain the phenomena of slacking and force drop after turning visual feedback off during accurate force production task.     

Nanocrystallization effect on the surface electron work function of copper and its corrosion behaviour

The effect of grain size at micro- and nanoscale on the surface electron stability of copper as reflected by the electron work function (EWF) was investigated. In the ambient environment, the surface reactivity increases with decreasing grain size in the micron range, but decreases when entering the nanometre range. When in a solution with associated passivation, grain refinement enhances resistance to corrosion. However, the situation is reversed when no passivation is involved. In the former case, the improved surface stability and corrosion behaviour caused by nanocrystallization can be attributed to the formation of a more protective passive film. In the latter case, nanocrystallization accelerates material dissolution resulting from enhanced activity of surface electrons at high-density grain boundaries. The correlation between EWF and the corrosion behaviour, as well as the mechanisms involved, are discussed.     

Group Cohesion,Achievement Motivation,and Motivational Outcomes among Female College Students

Embedded in the theory of group cohesion and the expectancy-value model of achievement choice, the purpose of this study was to examine the predictive strengths of group cohesion on students’ motivation (expectancy-related beliefs and subjective task values) and motivational outcomes (exercise choice and class attendance) in college physical activity classes. Participants were 121 females enrolled in aerobics classes who completed questionnaires assessing group cohesion, motivational constructs, and exercise choice. Group cohesion constructs were significantly associated with motivation and motivational outcomes. These findings provide insight into how to design environments to promote motivation in physical activity classes.