日常生活中的教派差异——关于甘肃临潭旧城伊斯兰教的人类学田野报告

本文在田野调查的基础上,描述了甘肃省临潭旧城回族内部在日常宗教实践中存在的区别,展现了地方社会内不同教派在服饰、婚姻策略、宗教生活、丧葬、纪念和墓地安排等方面的差异性,并分析了这些差异性在日常实践层面维系宗教群体延续的作用。同时指出,教派作为人为性的一种社会建构,在社会实践中一旦获得承认,并具有合法延续的可能性时,其教派特征就会在日常生活的不同层面上表达出来。所有这些表达都是宗教群体集体认同的体现,也是日常实践中区分"我群"和"他群"意识的体现,其价值目标还是在于使宗教群体得以延续。     

城乡结合部教会信徒的经济状况调查——以S市D教会为例

位于大都市城乡结合部的S市D教会是农民工占多数的教会。调查表明该会信徒的受教育程度较低。其经济状况特点是临时工合同工自谋生计者占多数,收入低于该市平均水平。参加教会活动对其经济活动并未产生明显的影响,但基督教信仰对其经济道德和诚信度有正面意义。同时宗教信仰对处于经济不确定性风险中的信徒有明显的慰藉功能。文章认为D教会并未出现如韦伯所说的新教伦理与经济发展间的促进作用。城乡结合部民工教会信徒经济水平的提高仍有赖于非宗教因素的推动。     

要敢于宣传宗教的负面影响

中国传统不信基督教的上帝,但信仰别的超自然神力,各种救世主在这里都可以有它的市场,而且不缺乏孳生邪教土壤。所以在中国传播无神论和全面认识宗教的影响,仍是这个国家沉重长远的任务。从公民有信仰自由的权利来看,宗教的发达繁荣,无可厚非;但从全民提高科学文化素养的角度来看,不能不认为是科学教育与无神论宣传的失败。一个时期以来,科学的普及远不如宗教迷信的扩散有力,而且不时遇到以维护宗教政策为由,限制对宗教阴暗面的揭露与批评。其结果是反而会毁了宗教。特别是今日在金钱的腐蚀下,宗教信仰也在变质,成了利润机器,无神论者当然更不应该为之隐晦。作为科学家发言,并非代表政府,只能着眼于是非,更不可丢掉是非。     

Do the BSRI and PAQ really measure masculinity and femininity?

The two most used instruments to assess masculinity (M) and femininity (F) are the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personality Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Two hypotheses will be tested: a) multidimensionality versus bidimensionality, and b) to what extent the two instruments, elaborated to measure the same constructs, classify subjects in the same way. Participants were 420 high school students, 198 women and 222 men, aged 12-15 years. Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency analysis were carried out and log-linear models were tested. The data support a) the multidimensionality of both instruments and b) the lack of full concordance in the classification of persons according to the fourfold typology. Implications of the results are discussed regarding the supposed theory behind instrumentality/ expressiveness and masculinity/femininity, as well as for the use of both instruments to classify different subjects into the four distinct types.     

The Social Phobia Inventory: screening and cross-cultural validation in Spanish adolescents

Availability of brief, self-report measures to be used as screening instruments is crucial to detect correctly youth with social anxiety disorder and therefore, reach those otherwise under-detected and under-treated. A previous study revealed that the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) was potentially an appropriate measure for screening social anxiety among US adolescents. However, there is a lack of information concerning its properties as a screening test in other cultures and languages. This is the main objective of this study, although further validity of the scale is provided as well. The sample consisted of 192 adolescents (a sample composed of 114 subjects with a principal diagnosis of social anxiety disorder; and a group consisting of 78 subjects with no diagnosis of social phobia). Results suggest that the Social Phobia Inventory has demonstrated good psychometric properties and indeed may be used as a screening tool in Spanish-speaking adolescents.     

Dealing with conflicting information: young children's reliance on what they see versus what they are told

Children often learn about the world through direct observation. However, much of children's knowledge is acquired through the testimony of others. This research investigates how preschoolers weigh these two sources of information when they are in conflict. Children watched as an adult hid a toy in one location. Then the adult told children that the toy was in a different location (i.e. false testimony). When retrieving the toy, 4- and 5-year-olds relied on what they had seen and disregarded the adult's false testimony. However, most 3-year-olds deferred to the false testimony, despite what they had directly observed. Importantly, with a positive searching experience based on what they saw, or with a single prior experience with an adult as unreliable, 3-year-olds subsequently relied on their first-hand observation and disregarded the adult's false testimony. Thus, young children may initially be credulous toward others' false testimony that contradicts their direct observation, but skepticism can develop quickly through experience.     

群体水平领域分数及其估计方法

对人才的需求已经引起各国政府和国际组织对教育的高度重视,纷纷在国家和地区层面进行大规模的教育评估。在大尺度教育评估中,如何向政府、管理者和公众报告学生表现是不可避免的重要问题。报告学生表现有多种方式,领域分数作为管理者和公众最容易理解和接受的分数报告工具之一,在近些年受到研究者和实践者的关注,因此也成为了大型教育评价项目的必然选择。文中将介绍群体领域分数的起源和定义,并重点介绍群体领域分数的估计方法和相关研究,最后对未来开展进一步研究进行展望。     

青少年结果预期与评价的ERP研究

大脑不断地对环境事件产生预期并将这些预期与实际结果进行比较, 通过对反馈刺激的结果评价以优化后续行为。采用抽奖式赌博任务范式, 操纵得奖的确定性程度, 利用事件相关电位技术(ERP), 研究青少年结果预期与评价的认知和神经电生理过程, 以成人作为对照组进行比较分析。研究结果表明：(1)在反映自动、快速结果评价的FRN上, 无论在高确定性还是在低确定性条件下, 青少年与成人均未表现出显著性差异; (2)组别与确定性程度在P300波幅上表现交互作用显著, 简单效应分析表明, 在高确定性条件下, 青少年组输、赢的P300波幅表现出差异; 而成人组输、赢的P300波幅无显著性差异。青少年对反馈刺激自动的快速结果评价能力已接近成人水平, 而对反馈刺激功能意义评价的控制加工能力还未发展成熟。     

成人去激活依恋策略和注意偏向：来自表情图片外源性提示点探测任务的证据

采用表情图片作为外源性提示的点探测任务,通过109名大学生探讨依恋倾向性和注意之间的关系。研究发现：依恋回避维度和三种面部表情的提示有效性指标呈现显著负相关;依恋回避高分组出现了提示有效性效应的消失和逆转;依恋焦虑维度和提示有效性、注意卷入和注意分离没有相关。结果表明：回避性依恋者对任何信息都存在回避性注意偏向;回避性注意偏向的强度随信息依恋效价的增强而增强;回避性注意偏向的出现为去激活策略的存在提供了跨文化证据。     

垂直量尺化中的参数标定方法及其性能比较

在使用项目反应理论进行量尺化的语境下, 参数标定方法是垂直量尺化结果的一个至关重要的影响因素。目前的参数标定研究就部分标定方法的相对性能获得了较一致的结果, 就如何实现更佳量尺化也提出了很多新的标定方法。除了在既有框架内继续探索, 以形成完整的研究体系, 未来的研究应结合相关学科, 在深入了解学业增长的性质的基础上探究标定方法的性能, 并应考察特定的标定方法和特定的研究条件、量尺化语境之间的最佳匹配关系。