计算机化自适应测验选题策略述评

计算机化自适应测验(computerized adaptive testing, CAT)是基于测量理论和计算机技术的一种测验模式。它根据考生的作答反应自适应地选择测验项目。选题策略是CAT的重要组成部分之一, 关系到测量效率、测验安全和测验信、效度等重要问题。根据CAT是否具有非统计约束对传统CAT和认知诊断CAT的选题策略进行了分类介绍, 未来研究应进一步提高选题策略的综合表现、深入探讨多级评分项目和认知诊断CAT的选题策略。     

自身运动认知的神经机制

通过光流信息来指导个体在环境中有效移动是我们视觉神经系统的一项核心任务。在灵长类的大脑皮层, 视觉运动的信息加工是由位于背侧通路的一系列脑区来完成的, 这一信息通路主要参与运动和空间动作的分析。在高级视皮层, 视觉系统很可能利用非视觉信息来补偿因眼动造成的光流模式扭曲, 以重建对自身运动方向的正确表征。根据目前研究进展, MST和VIP这两个位于顶叶的脑区都参与了自身运动认知过程, 并且对精确的自身运动方向判断是不可或缺的。本文系统介绍了近些年来在自身运动认知神经机制研究领域的进展, 尤其是神经生理学家们利用非人灵长类动物模型在自身运动认知皮层处理机制方面的成果。同时也提出了一些深入研究急需解决的关键问题。     

汉语儿童英语语音特征内隐与外显学习的比较研究

实验选取64个英文单词为实验材料,以不同的分类方式为自变量．探讨在给予高强度练习和准确反馈的前提下．汉语儿童完成同时具有显著性特征(字母组合)维度和非显著性特征(发音)维度的英语语音分类任务时,内隐学习和外显学习各自的特点,发现(1)在及时分类条件下,有显著的内隐学习效应;(2)外显学习的抗干扰性弱,内隐学习的抗干扰性强．而且内隐学习所获得的知识具有稳固性;(3)及时分类有利于内隐学习,延时分类有利于外显学习。     

汉字数字与阿拉伯数字的阈下启动研究

该研究采用了反应窗技术和回归分析范式,通过两个实验对汉字数字和阿拉伯数字的启动效应进行了实验探索。结果表明(1)在客观阔限以下,汉字数字和阿拉伯数字都可以被加工到语义水平,而数字的表征形式对启动效应无影响;(2)在本研究中,在启动数字为汉字数字的条件下,当觉察水平高于客观阈限时,不存在启动效应。     

In situ transformation from P phase to μ phase in rhenium-containing single-crystal superalloy during thermal exposure

An in situ phase transformation from P to μ in a rhenium-containing superalloy during high-temperature exposure has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The orientation relationship between the phases is found as (1–12)_μ // (1?0?0)_P and [2?4?1]_μ // [0?1?1]_P. An atomic model of the μ/P interface was built to reveal a perfectly coherent interface with lattice misfits of only 0.421 and 1.098%. Considering the small lattice distortions and the similar elemental composition of the phases, it is concluded that the phase transformation from P to μ is favourable.     

Associations Between Sexual Orientation Discrimination and Depression Among Same-Sex Couples: Moderating Effects of Dyadic Coping

Drawing from minority stress theory and the systemic–transactional model, we examined whether perceptions of partner's dyadic coping behavior moderated the association between sexual orientation discrimination stress and symptoms of depression among individuals in a same-sex relationship. Data from 95 same-sex couples revealed that, overall, sexual orientation discrimination stress was positively associated with depressive symptoms; however, perceived partner emotion-focused supportive dyadic coping weakened this association. Specifically, higher sexual orientation discrimination stress was associated with greater depressive symptoms only for individuals perceiving low partner emotion-focused supportive dyadic coping. Implications for researchers and clinicians are presented.     

成就目标导向、团队绩效控制对员工创造力的跨层次影响

成就目标导向在团队绩效控制情境下能否有效预测员工创造力是个值得关注的话题。以研发团队为研究对象, 运用线性阶层模型考察了三者间的跨层次关系。结果发现, 低绩效控制下, 精熟目标导向、表现–趋近导向对创造力有正向影响, 表现-回避导向有负向影响; 高绩效控制下, 精熟导向对创造力有“S型”非线性影响, 表现-回避导向有正向影响。结果表明, 高精熟目标导向在高绩效控制情境下抑制员工创造力, 而表现导向也并非总是与缺乏创造力联系起来, 提高表现-回避导向个体的绩效控制程度或者降低表现-趋近导向个体的绩效控制程度同样可以促进创造力。启示在于, 管理者不仅应关注成就导向的个体差异, 更应重视构建相应的绩效控制情境, 从二者交互作用出发激活员工创造力。     

Accessibility of the subliminal mind: Transcendence vs. immanence

It has long been taken for granted in modern psychology that access to the unconscious is indirectly gained through the interpretation of a trained psychoanalyst, evident in theories of Freud, Jung and others. However, my essay problematizes this very indirectness of access by bringing in a Yogācāra Buddhist formulation of the subliminal mind that offers a direct access. By probing into the philosophical significance of the subliminal mind along the bias of its access, I will argue that the different views of the subliminal consciousness correspond to different models of “transcendence” and “immanence.” We will see that the involvement of the transcendence principle in Freud’s and Jung’s conceptualizations of the unconscious results in the denial of direct access to the unconscious; only the Buddhist immanence-based formulation provides direct access. This East-West comparative approach is an attempt to examine how different models of reasoning, vis-à-vis transcendence and immanence, can lead to drastically different theories as well as the practices they instruct.     

压力和应对策略在女性大学生负性情绪产生中的作用

通过对239名女性大学生的问卷调查,探讨了不同类型的压力和应对策略在负性情绪产生中的作用及其特点。结果表明:(1)压力和应对策略作用于负性情绪的过程模型既存在差异性又存在一致性。学业压力可以直接作用于负性情绪,也可通过消极解决问题策略的中介间接作用于负性情绪;经济压力主要通过消极解决问题和寻求支持策略的中介间接作用于负性情绪;人际压力对负性情绪的产生具有直接作用,也通过消极解决问题和寻求支持策略的中介间接作用于负性情绪;(2)在三种压力情境下,消极解决问题和寻求支持策略对负性情绪的产生均具有重要作用。     

当前考试理论研究的进展

近二十年以来,考试理论(Testing Theories)的研究取得了长足进展,这种进展表现在两个方面一方面,在上个世纪六十年代由Lord提出的项目反应理论(Item Response Theory,IRT)得到了很大的扩展,出现了多维度项目反应理论(multi-dimensional IRT)、非参数项目反应理论(Nonparametric IRT)以及认知诊断理论(Cognitively Diagnostic Theory)等;另一方面,项目反应理论在考试实践中得到了广泛的应用,使考试实践产生了革命性的变化,出现了计算机自适应考试(Computerized Adaptive Testing,CAT).