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131.
Both domain-specific and expertise accounts of category specialization assume that generalization occurs within a domain but not between domains. Yet it is often difficult to define the boundaries and critical features of object domains. Differences in how categories are defined make it difficult to adjudicate between accounts of category specificity and may lead to contradictory results. For example, evidence for whether car experts recruit the fusiform face area is mixed, and this inconsistency may be due to the inclusion of antique cars in one of those previous studies (e.g., Grill-Spector, Knouf, & Kanwisher, 2004). The present study tested the generalization of expertise from modern to antique cars and found that modern-car experts showed expert discrimination and holistic processing of modern cars but not of antique cars. These findings suggest that the neural specialization underlying perceptual expertise is highly specific and may not generalize to distinct subclasses, even when they share some degree of perceptual and conceptual features. 相似文献
132.
The aim of this study is to examine existing research on social cognitive factors that may, in part, mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and coronary heart disease (CHD). We focus on how social status is 'carried' in the mental systems of individuals, and how these systems differentially affect CHD risk and associated behaviors. To this end, literatures documenting the association of various social cognitive factors (e.g., social comparison, perceived discrimination, and self-efficacy) with cardiovascular disease are reviewed as are literatures regarding the relationship of these factors to SES. Possible mechanisms through which social cognitions may affect health are addressed. In addition, directions for future research are discussed, and a model identifying the possible associations between social cognitive factors, SES, and coronary disease is provided. 相似文献
133.
Can the relationship between tangential velocity and radius of curvature explain motor constancy? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Phillips JG 《Human movement science》2008,27(5):799-811
To address contributions of speed, efficiency, radius of curvature and joint complexity to the strength of the lawful relationship between tangential velocity and radius of curvature (power law), an experiment considered the strength of the power law when participants were instructed to perform circling movements using the elbow, finger, shoulder, or wrist. Five participants performed circling motions in a vertical plane upon a Smartboard that sampled finger tip position at 200Hz. Page's L tested whether the strength of the power law could be predicted by: (1) speed; (2) submovements; (3) joint complexity; (4) radius of curvature. A second experiment considered the strength of the power law when six participants were instructed to perform circling movements of different sizes (large, medium, and small) using their shoulders. Movement speed or efficiency could not explain the strength of the power law, instead the power law was stronger for movements with a smaller radius of curvature or fewer joints. The strength of the power law varied with effector, questioning the role of the power law in motor constancy. 相似文献
134.
Leynes PA Phillips MC 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):741-751
The source monitoring framework (SMF; M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993) posits that source monitoring can be supported by varying degrees of recollection. Source judgments were made for words heard at study (male or female voice) followed by remember/know (RK) judgments in order to assess differences in degrees of recollection during source monitoring (J. L. Hicks, R. L. Marsh, & L. Ritschel, 2002). The neural correlate of recollection was examined by contrasting event-related potentials (ERPs) for R and K responses that followed accurate source judgments. The recollection ERP effect was greater for R than K responses but greater for K responses than correct rejections, which reinforces the behavioral evidence that indicates source monitoring can be supported by varying degrees of recollection. A robust late posterior negativity ERP effect was present and began earlier for accurate source judgments given subsequent R than K responses. This is interpreted as reflecting systematic decision processes that are described by the SMF. 相似文献
135.
Thewissen V Bentall RP Lecomte T van Os J Myin-Germeys I 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2008,117(1):143-153
Studies investigating the relationship between self-esteem and paranoia have specifically focused on self-esteem level, but have neglected the dynamic aspects of self-esteem. In the present article, the authors investigated the relationship between self-esteem and paranoia in two different ways. First, 154 individuals ranging across the continuum in level of paranoia were studied with the Experience Sampling Method (a structured self-assessment diary technique) to assess the association between trait paranoia and level and fluctuation of self-esteem in daily life. Results showed that trait paranoia was associated with both lower levels and higher instability of self-esteem. Second, the temporal relationship between momentary (state) paranoia and self-esteem was investigated in the daily life of these individuals. Results showed that a decrease in self-esteem was associated with an immediate increase in paranoia. The findings indicate that paranoid individuals are not only characterized by a lower level of self-esteem but also by more fluctuations in their self-esteem and that fluctuations in self-esteem predict the degree of subsequent paranoia. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that paranoia is associated with dysfunctional strategies of self-esteem regulation. 相似文献
136.
Conflicting evidence has arisen from correlational studies regarding the role of executive control functions in Theory of Mind. The current study used dual-task manipulations of executive functions (inhibition, updating and switching) to investigate the role of these control functions in mental state and non-mental state tasks. The 'Eyes' pictorial test of Theory of Mind showed specific dual-task costs when concurrently performed with an inhibitory secondary task. In contrast, interference effects on a verbal 'Stories' task were general, occurring on both mental state and non-mental state tasks, and across all types of executive function. These findings from healthy functioning adults should help to guide decisions about appropriate methods of assessing ToM in clinical populations, and interpreting deficits in performance in such tasks in the context of more general cognitive dysfunction. 相似文献
137.
Charmaine K. Higa Lisa K. Phillips Bruce F. Chorpita Eric L. Daleiden 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(4):261-271
Decades of research have examined the structure of self-consciousness in adults and its relationship to social anxiety. This
study examined the structure of self-consciousness via the Self-Consciousness Scales (Fenigstein et al., J. Consult. Clin.
Psychol. 43:522–527, 1975) in a school sample of 175 children and young adolescents (92 girls; mean age = 11.5). Confirmatory
factor analysis best supported a five-factor solution (Internal State Awareness, Self-Reflectiveness, Appearance Consciousness,
Style Consciousness and Social Anxiety). Although some factor based subscales evidenced low internal consistencies, convergent
and discriminant correlations with self-report measures of social phobia, negative affect, and positive affect as well as
parent-report measures of internalizing and externalizing problems provided additional support for the five-factor model.
Future studies should further examine the multidimensional nature as well as the developmental course of self-consciousness
and its relation to social anxiety longitudinally.
相似文献
Charmaine K. HigaEmail: |
138.
Stephen Phillips 《Sophia》2006,45(2):123-126
Religious pluralis does have, as James Kraft says, a negative impact on the epistemic confidence with which one holds a religious
position, when epistemology is thought on both the externalist and internalist lines. I also conclude both that there is a
resulting epistemic humility and that a tolerance of religious diversity results from it, but I reach these conclusions for
entirely different reasons. Epistemic humility and religious tolerance are fostered by the realization that many religions
are striving for the infinite, though all have limited views of it. 相似文献
139.
Tamaryn Menneer Doug J. K. Barrett Luke Phillips Nick Donnelly Kyle R. Cave 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(7):915-932
The cost of searching for two visual targets simultaneously was compared against two separate single‐target searches using exposure time and accuracy measures within a staircase procedure. Dual‐target search for all stimuli (colour, shape and orientation) exhibited a loss of accuracy for one target. For orientation and shape, this dual‐target cost in accuracy was extreme, with chance‐level performance on one target. For colour, dual‐target search exhibited an additional cost in search time, with search requiring a longer exposure than the summed time required for two single‐target searches. An additional search‐time cost was also found for orientation targets when irrelevant colour variation was added to the display. In conclusion, dual‐target search for dissimilar targets is accompanied by an accuracy cost. Furthermore, colour variation, whether task‐relevant or not, leads to an additional cost in processing speed. The results suggest that a divided‐effort strategy would improve performance in search tasks such as X‐ray baggage screening. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
140.
We investigated how statistical information in the form of transitional probabilities (TPs) interacts with coarticulation, another sublexical cue to word boundaries, and examined the impact of signal quality on the weighting of these cues. In an artificial-language-learning setting, with phonetically intact speech, coarticulation overruled TPs, suggesting the predominance of subsegmental, low-level information. However, whereas the role of coarticulation in segmentation was highly modulated by signal quality, TPs were very resilient to noise. When coarticulation was rendered unreliable by strongly degrading the input with a 10-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), only statistical information drove segmentation. In a more mildly degraded 22-dB SNR condition, in which some acoustic properties were still available, coarticulation was exploited, although with less reliability than in optimal conditions. These results can be interpreted according to a hierarchical approach (Mattys, White, & Melhorn, 2005) in which both the available segmentation cues and the listening conditions have an important role in speech segmentation. 相似文献