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301.
In the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) involving race classification (white vs. black),
an apparent compatibility effect is found between the “pleasant” attribute and the “white” category. This race IAT effect
has been interpreted in terms of “implicit prejudice”—that is, more positive evaluation of whites than of blacks that is not
open to consciousness. We suggested instead that the race IAT effect is better interpreted in terms of the salience asymmetry
account proposed by Rothermund and Wentura (2004), whereby greater familiarity with the white category makes it more salient.
Evidence that has been presented against the familiarity interpretation is considered, and alternative interpretations of
findings related to the race IAT effect are discussed. 相似文献
302.
The present study examined the relationship between the predictability of words within a sentence and the availability of
parafoveal word length information, on when and where the eyes move in reading. Predictability influenced first-pass reading
times when parafoveal word length preview information was correct, but not when it was incorrect. Similarly, for saccades
launched from near the target word (wordn), predictability influenced the probability with which it was skipped only when the word length preview was correct. By contrast,
for saccades launched farther away from wordn, predictability influenced word skipping regardless of the parafoveal word length preview. Taken together, the data suggest
that parafoveal word length preview and predictability can act as a joint constraint on the decision of when and where to
move the eyes. 相似文献
303.
Recognition memory judgments have long been assumed to depend on the contributions of two underlying processes: recollection
and familiarity. We measured recollection with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) data and remember-know judgments. Under
standard remember-know instructions, the two estimates of recollection diverged. When subjects were told they might need to
justify theirremember responses to the experimenter, the two estimates were more likely to agree. The data support the conclusion thatremember responses are generally based on a continuous underlying process but that specific task instructions can produce data that
appear consistent with a high-threshold recollective process. Models based on signal detection theory provide a better account
of these data than does the dual-process model (Yonelinas, 1994) or process-pure interpretations. 相似文献
304.
We examined the influence of encoding and generation processes on distinctiveness, isolation, and background effects in short-term
recall of order information. Adults recalled the order of letters in one of two segments following a distractor task, knowing
in advance the identity of the letters. A distinctive letter was one that was either in red or absent and replaced with a
red dash, thereby requiring generation. On trials with a distinctive letter, the letter was primed in advance. A negative
generation effect was found; in addition, there was a positive distinctiveness effect but a negative background effect on
trials in which generation was required. These effects can be explained in terms of the extra processing given to distinctive
items when they need to be generated. 相似文献
305.
Visual word recognition is commonly argued to be automatic in the sense that it is obligatory and ballistic. The present experiments
combined Stroop and visual search paradigms to provide a novel test of this claim. An array of three, five, or seven words
including one colored target (a word in Experiments 1 and 2, a bar in Experiment 3) was presented to participants. An irrelevant
color word also appeared in the display and was either integrated with or separated from the colored target. The participants
classified the color of the single colored item in Experiments 1 and 3 and determined whether a target color was present or
absent in Experiment 2. A Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 1 when the color word and the color target were integral,
but not when the color word and the color target were separated. No Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 2. Visual word
recognition is contingent on both the distribution of spatial attention and task demands. 相似文献
306.
Many memory theorists have assumed that forced-choice recognition tests can rely more on familiarity, whereas item (yes-no)
tests must rely more on recollection. In actuality, several studies have found no differences in the contributions of recollection
and familiarity underlying the two different test formats. Using word frequency to manipulate stimulus characteristics, the
present study demonstrated that the contributions of recollection to item versus forced-choice tests is variable. Low word
frequency resulted in significantly more recollection in an item test than did a forced-choice procedure, but high word frequency
produced the opposite result. These results clearly constrain any uniform claim about the degree to which recollection supports
responding in item versus forced-choice tests. 相似文献
307.
We examined two different accounts of why studying distinctive information reduces false memories within the DRM paradigm.
The impoverished relational encoding account predicts that less memorial information, such as overall familiarity, is elicited
by the critical lure after distinctive encoding than after nondistinctive encoding. By contrast, the distinctiveness heuristic
predicts that participants use a deliberate retrieval strategy to withhold responding to the critical lures. This retrieval
strategy refers to a decision rule whereby the absence of memory for expected distinctive information is taken as evidence
for an event’s nonoccurrence. We show that the typical false-recognition suppression effect only occurs when the recognition
test is self paced. This suppression effect is abolished when participants make recognition decisions under time pressure,
such as within 1 second of seeing the test item. These results are consistent with the distinctiveness heuristic that a time-consuming
retrieval strategy is used to reduce false-recognition responses. 相似文献
308.
Orienting to a signal source is widely viewed asautomatic in the sense that it is triggered by the stimulus. However, this behavior is typically assessed in a context in which the
subject knows beforehand what he or she has to do. In the present experiments, the role of task set was investigated by having
the response vary randomly from trial to trial. On some trials, a cue signaled the subject to respond, and on the remaining
trials, another cue signaled the subject to withhold a response. Stimulus contrast and temporal overlap between task cue and
target were manipulated. The effect of a reduction in stimulus contrast was sometimes absorbed into the time taken to decode
the cue, but critically, other times not. These results highlight the theoretical importance of considering task set as an
essential element in processing, and they undermine the theoretical claim that putatively automatic processes are not subject
to interference from other mental activities. 相似文献
309.
Although many nonlinear models of cognition have been proposed in the past 50 years, there has been little consideration of
corresponding statistical techniques for their analysis. In analyses with nonlinear models, unmodeled variability from the
selection of items or participants may lead to asymptotically biased estimation. This asymptotic bias, in turn, renders inference
problematic. We show, for example, that a signal detection analysis of recognition memory data leads to asymptotic underestimation
of sensitivity. To eliminate asymptotic bias, we advocate hierarchical models in which participant variability, item variability,
and measurement error are modeled simultaneously. By accounting for multiple sources of variability, hierarchical models yield
consistent and accurate estimates of participant and item effects in recognition memory. This article is written in tutorial
format; we provide an introduction to Bayesian statistics, hierarchical modeling, and Markov chain Monte Carlo computational
techniques. 相似文献
310.