隔离动物学习能力的研究

有关人和动物的学习能力与早期环境之间的关系的研究已有了很长的历史。一般认为早期受限制的环境损害了智力,而早期丰富的环境提高了智力。在这个领域里大部分的研究集中在比较丰富环境的动物和隔离动物的学习能力的差异,然而许多工作在近年来受到了质疑。丰富环境中情景复杂,活动场所大,有隧道、平台、游泳门,活动轮等。丰富环境经验的迁移以及丰富生活环境与学习迷津测试场景的类似性可能在动物完成学习课题时起了重要作用。     

儿童对汉语主动名、被动句转换理解的比较研究

本研究的目的是探讨正常、低常、耳聋儿童对汉语主动句、被动句转换理解的能力问题。实验材料是十组主动句、被动句转换类型,呈现了汉语主动句、被动句转换的全部形式,字词水平控制在聋哑小学二年级程度。要求被试正确进行思惟。被试是9至13岁的正常、低常、耳聋小学生,每个年龄组的被试在30人以上,14、18岁的21名耳聋学生也参加了实验,共计被试为208人。 实验结果表明:总体上看,三类被试对于汉语主动句、被动句的转换理解,正常儿童高于耳聋儿童,耳聋儿童高于低常儿童,差异是显著的。从各年龄阶段看,耳聋儿童转换能力低于正常儿童并不是绝对的。从转换能力发展的转折期看,正常儿童的明显转折期出现在10至11岁,低常儿童出现在12至13岁,耳聋儿童在12至13岁的发展接近转折期。从转换理解与语文、数学教育的相关关系来看,没有发现语文和数学教育对转换理解的有规律的必然影响。从理解的特点上看,三类被试在理解上呈现出一致的倾向。     

In defence of single-premise closure

It’s often thought that the phenomenon of risk aggregation poses a problem for multi-premise closure but not for single-premise closure (either with respect to knowledge or with respect to justified belief). But recently, Lasonen-Aarnio and Schechter have challenged this thought. Lasonen-Aarnio argues that, insofar as risk aggregation poses a problem for multi-premise closure, it poses a similar problem for single-premise closure. For she thinks that, there being such a thing as deductive risk, risk may aggregate over a single premise and the deduction itself. Schechter argues that single-premise closure succumbs to risk aggregation outright. For he thinks that there could be a long sequence of competent single-premise deductions such that, even though we are justified in believing the initial premise of the sequence, intutively, we are not justified in believing the final conclusion. This intuition, Schechter thinks, vitiates single-premise closure. In this paper, I defend single-premise closure against the arguments offered by Lasonen-Aarnio and Schechter.     

Unconscious structural knowledge of form-meaning connections

We investigated the implicit learning of a linguistically relevant variable (animacy) in a natural language context (namely, the relation of forms of determiners to semantics). Trial by trial subjective measures indicated that exposure to a form–animacy regularity led to unconscious knowledge of that regularity. Under the same conditions, people did not learn about another form–meaning regularity when a linguistically arbitrary variable was used instead of animacy (size relative to a dog). Implicit learning is constrained to acquire unconscious knowledge about features with high prior probabilities of being relevant in that domain.     

部分线索效应的作用机制

部分线索效应指让学习者学习一系列材料,在随后的测试阶段,给学习者提供先前学习的部分材料作为提取线索,让学习者回忆剩余的材料,其回忆成绩反而比没有提取线索时回忆成绩差。该效应的经典理论模型主要有组织干扰假说和提取抑制假说。由于它们有许多分歧之处,最近提出的双机制解释试图将二者融合,显示了诸多优势,但同时也存在一些缺陷。对双机制解释的进一步探索应侧重于确定组织干扰的量、探讨部分线索相对持久抑制作用的过程、界定组织干扰假说和提取抑制假说的关系,此外对部分线索效应在实际学习生活中的检验也很重要。     

德性自我意象、道德情绪与行为自我管理：对大学生的一项交叉滞后研究

研究采用交叉时序滞后设计,以问卷法对363名大学生进行了6个月的追踪调查,考察了德性自我意象、道德情绪（内疚/羞愧）与行为自我管理之间的相互预测关系。结果表明,德性自我意象、内疚和羞愧均能显著地正向预测道德行为自我管理,德性自我意象、内疚和羞愧可能是道德行为自我管理的前因变量。     

Knowing that, knowing how, and knowing to do

Ryle’s distinction between knowing that and knowing how has recently been challenged. The paper first briefly defends the distinction and then proceeds to address the question of classifying moral knowledge. Moral knowledge is special in that it is practical, that is, it is essentially a motive. Hence the way we understand moral knowledge crucially depends on the way we understand motivation. The Humean theory of motivation is wrong in saying that reason cannot be a motive, but right in saying that desire is essential for motivating us. The right response to the Humean theory of motivation is to see that moral knowledge is desire-related rationality or thought-related desire. Moral knowledge is neither knowing that nor knowing how but rather a third species of knowledge which we may call “knowing to do.” Knowing to do is to be rationally disposed to do the right thing. This understanding of moral knowledge is exactly what we can learn from Aristotle’s ethics.     

Invigorating ��Nanoethics��: Recommendations for Improving Deliberations in Taiwan and Beyond

Nanotechnology is the new(est) star in the high technologies sky. While nanotechnologies remain technologies of promise and potential, a growing number of nano-materials and nano-particle-reliant products are being produced. And although a growing number of academic, policy and industry reports are exploring nanotechnologies, there are very few genuine ethical assessments of nanotechnologies as they exist and might evolve in the coming years. Many questions have yet to be answered about the nature, development, and social and commercial deployment of nanotechnologies and what that means for the human condition and the preservation of our core values. We argue that the early and potentially risky nature of this interdisciplinary science does not justify a blinkered focus on risk assessment and management to the detriment of deep and ranging ethical evaluations. Much improved ethics evaluations must be undertaken, particularly in Taiwan where very little has happened despite grand expectations for, and funding of, the science. In this paper, we uncover the development imperatives for nanotechnologies, demonstrate the paucity of genuine nanoethics exercises, outline key questions for stakeholders undertaking nanoethics exercises to consider, and we articulate some preliminary actions for Taiwan (and other similarly situated jurisdictions).     

Gratifications, collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension as predictors of Facebook uses

This study explores whether and how gratifications and psychological traits impact people's Facebook use. First, a factor analysis of an online survey (N= 437) outlined a unique set of gratifications obtained from the use of Facebook. Six aspects of gratifications (i.e., social surveillance, entertainment, recognition, emotional support, network extension, and maintenance) were identified. Results from regression analyses showed that psychological traits (i.e., collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension) were strong predictors of most Facebook gratifications. Additionally, gratifications and, to a lesser extent, psychological traits significantly predicted Facebook usage, both in perceived importance and different indicators in the level of Facebook use.