A Reflective Account of a Research Ethics Course for an Interdisciplinary Cohort of Graduate Students

Science and Engineering Ethics - The graduate course in research ethics in the Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering at the National University of Singapore consists of a...     

When “decoy effect” meets gender bias: The role of choice set composition in hiring decisions

A large body of research has found evidence that hiring decisions are frequently subject to strong gender bias and has explored factors that help to predict and prevent such a bias from occurring. In this paper, we explore a novel factor that has received only little attention: the composition of the choice set. Drawing on prior research on the attraction effect of decoys in consumer choice and personnel decisions, we posit that when decision makers need to decide whether to hire a male or a female applicant for a stereotypically male position, the presence of a third applicant whose profile is asymmetrically dominated by one of the two applicants can in many circumstances strongly increase the odds that the male applicant will be selected, but will not be beneficial for the female applicant. We test our hypotheses in five experimental studies with different designs, experimental settings, and participant pools—including managers with professional experience in hiring decisions. Our results provide robust evidence demonstrating the strong effects of choice set composition on the emergence of gender bias. In addition, we found that the presence of asymmetrically dominated applicants makes decision makers more confident in their biased decisions and more likely to implement them immediately without searching for further information. Finally, our results also provide some initial evidence that our results for stereotypically male positions will be reversed when hiring decisions are made for stereotypically female positions where the presence of decoys instead gives an advantage to female over male applicants.     

干扰刺激类型对内隐记忆提取干扰的调节

为了探讨内隐记忆提取干扰效应是否敏于注意资源的变化,该实验沿用前期经典的“学习-测验”范式,通过在提取阶段同时设置两种不同刺激类型的干扰任务:箭头干扰和汉字干扰,以此来探讨内隐记忆提取干扰效应的本质所在。结果发现,不同提取干扰条件对内隐记忆产生不同程度的影响,汉字干扰对内隐记忆的影响比箭头产生的干扰更大。结果表明,干扰刺激类型会调节内隐记忆提取干扰效应的大小,证实内隐记忆提取干扰敏于注意资源的变化。     

注意分散对老年人错误记忆的影响

该实验以经典DRM词表为实验材料,采用简化后的联合范式来探讨注意资源对老年人错误记忆的影响。比较老年人和青年人在注意集中和注意分散条件下的错误记忆成绩。结果发现,老年组的虚报率显著高于青年人的虚报率,特别在注意集中条件下。更重要的是,老年人在注意集中条件下的虚报率与青年人在注意分散条件下的虚报率相比无显著差异,同时两种条件下的判断标准差异也不显著。结果显示,老年人相比于青年人有更多错误记忆的原因可能是注意资源的不足。     

论当代西方宪政理论的基本架构

随着西方社会全面进入福利国家时代,宪政理论在人权的扩张和权力制衡的理念方面获得了新的表述。当代西方宪政理论主张通过保障平等的自由来实现利益的公正分配,通过公正的程序机制实现形式法治和实质法治的统一,通过司法审查实现宪政的平衡价值,通过人权法律的全球化实现人权的一体化和全球化保护。     

鲍德里亚对马克思生产概念的误读

鲍德里亚对马克思生产概念的批评主要有以下三个方面:一、马克思没能看到使用价值也是由交换价值生产出来的,因而他满足于用以生产为基础的政治经济学模式来完成对资本的批判;二、由于他使用的是“人体解剖对于猴体解剖是一把钥匙”的方法论,因而,他对前资本主义社会发展史的分析也是错误的;三、由上述两点决定了他对未来革命的路径的判断也是错误的。文章认为,鲍德里亚在理解马克思的使用价值、交换价值等概念时,根本没有进入这些概念在马克思那里的历史发生学视域,因而不仅导致了他对马克思生产概念之本质的误判,而且还导致了他对马克思的社会历史观的误读。至于鲍德里亚在资本对生活世界的统治模式以及未来革命路径等问题上的观点,则明显地具有方法论上的缺陷。     

病前智力估计:效度与局限

病前智力的估计是甄别、诊断智能衰退的必要条件,有重要的临床和科研意义。依据学业成绩和工作成就等背景资料可综合评估病前智力的水平与结构,但其定性的结论不利于科研,且难免主观。依赖人口统计学变量的回归公式能客观给出确切的、具有一定效度的估计数,但会高估或低估极端智商。依据当前测验成绩的估计有“保持”和最佳作业两种模式,这种估计个体特异高,但被试在选用测验上的当前表现能否代表病前智力水平尚有争议。联合不同方法能提高预测效度。     

7~12岁儿童视觉搜索能力的发展

该研究主要考察7~12岁儿童视觉搜索能力的发展。实验结果表明：儿童视觉搜索能力随年龄的增长而提高,性别差异不显著;儿童对三种不同视觉刺激材料（阿拉伯数字、英文字母、汉字）的视觉搜索的反应时没有表现出明显的差异,这个结果与通常的一些实验结果不同。同时,儿童在视觉搜索过程中,判断刺激出现的反应时均明显短于判断刺激没有出现的反应时;两种判断与左右手之间存在着交互作用。