主体性、主体间性及道德实践中的言与行——哈贝马斯的论辩伦理与儒家道德学说之比较

哈贝马斯认为,在后形而上学时代,重建公共道德、达致社会团结的唯一途径是建立在交往行为基础之上的、主体间的、以共识为目标的道德论辩.这一构想因其空想性、其对语言性论辩过程的过分倚重以及对道德原则主体性的忽视而受到各方的批评与质疑.与之相比较,中国传统的儒家思想在承认道德主体间性的同时,肯定并强调道德的主体性,既注重道德问题的论辩性,更注重其实践性,从而为克服哈贝马斯所面-临的困难提供了一条富有启发意义的出路.     

不同学业成就小学生注意加工水平的比较研究

本研究运用PASS注意量表测验和眼动实验的方法来探讨注意加工水平与小学生学业成就的关系.两种方法结果均表明:(1)学优生自上而下的控制加工能力显著高于学困生;(2)学优生注意资源的容量显著多于学困生并且能更有效的运用注意资源;(3)学优生抑制分心物的能力显著高于学困生.     

汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用

采用眼动方法,通过两个实验考察了汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用。结果显示：（1）汉语双字词语义激活过程中,分别改变首字声调和尾字声调对语义激活起到抑制作用,首字声调改变时的抑制作用更大。结果支持了Cohort模型。（2）语义相关词的注视点和注视时间远远多于其控制词,但没有发现词频效应。（3）汉语声调的加工过程与声韵母一样,独立作用于语义激活过程。     

事件类型的相似性对原理运用影响的实验研究

探讨样例与测题在表面概貌的事件类型方面发生改变的条件下,两者的表面概貌相似性对原理运用的影响。结果表明：1．样例与问题的表面概貌在事件类型方面发生变化时。其表面慨貌相似性对原理运用就会表现出明显的影响;2．样例与问题的表面概貌对原理运用的影响作用．要受到两者的对象对应的类型的影响．当对象对应相似时,其表面概貌相似就会促进解答测题时的原理运用,反之会产生干扰作用。据此可以认为。Ross关于表面概貌相似与否不影响原理运用的结论应予以改正。     

The Psychology of Referencing in Psychology Journal Articles

ABSTRACT— Citation statistics can affect major professional decisions, but little is known about how important a particular reference is to the citing document. We asked 49 psychologists to rate the importance of every reference in their own empirical paper and to indicate the primary citation reason. References cited for conceptual ideas or to justify methods and data analyses were regarded as more important than references cited for general background, limitations, or future research. The location, frequency, and length of a citation predicted its importance, but such relationships were weaker for self-citations. We make suggestions about referencing for authors, editors, and bibliographic database designers.     

注意资源、学习方式与年龄因素对协作抑制的影响

本研究在前人研究的基础上,试图探讨不同编码因素对协作抑制效应的制约作用,从协作抑制角度为挖掘集体记忆的作用机制提供证据。实验1结果发现,集中注意条件下,出现协作抑制;分配注意条件下,协作抑制消失。说明学习时注意资源的投入程度,对协作抑制有影响。实验2结果发现不同的学习方式对协作抑制的影响在不同年龄被试身上表现不同。本研究将视角聚焦于编码因素,研究结果证实,协作抑制受到不同编码因素的制约,此外,本结果亦为协作抑制的提取策略破坏假说提供了新的证据。     

An Application of MCDM in Water Resources Problems

In this paper a practical application of MCDM in water resources problems is presented. Based on a real project for Qinhuangdao water resources management sponsored by Qinhuangdao Municipality, we construct a set of models for inflow forecast, reservoir operations, water supply and allocation, and flood routing for system optimal operation and flood management. A stochastic dynamic programming (DP) model with a fuzzy criterion is proposed for monthly reservoir operations. A series of goal programming (GP) models is built for water supply and allocation on different planning and operating levels. The DP–GP models fulfil the optimal operation tasks of a water resources management decision support system (WRMDSS) for Qinhuangdao water resources management.     

Parental Support for Autonomy and Child Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Attachment

To facilitate understanding of the factors associated with child depressive symptoms in middle childhood, we examined the roles of parental support for autonomy and parent–child attachment in child depressive symptoms among 150 Chinese parent–child dyads. The participating children’s ages ranged from 6 to 12 years old. Parental support for autonomy was coded from a conflict resolution and a cooperation task. Children reported their depressive symptoms and their attachment relationships with the participating parents. After controlling for parent depressive symptoms, parental support for autonomy was associated with fewer child depressive symptoms. The association between parental support for autonomy and child depressive symptoms was mediated by parent–child attachment quality, suggesting that parental support for autonomy was negatively associated with child depressive symptoms through its positive association with parent–child attachment quality. Moreover, the positive association between parental support for autonomy and parent–child attachment quality was stronger for older children. The current study expanded the knowledge on parental support for autonomy in middle-childhood and its association with parent–child relationships and child mental health. Future research is encouraged to pay more attention to the role of parental support for autonomy in various aspects of child development for children in middle-childhood and pre-adolescence.     

Young Children's Reports of When Events Occurred: Do Event Type and Assessment Method Matter?

Studying young children's reporting about when various events occurred informs about the development of episodic memory and metacognition. In two experiments, 55 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children participated in two activity sessions, a week apart. During the activity sessions, they learned novel animal facts and body movements, and they coloured animal pictures and posed for body movement photos. Immediately after the second activity session, children were interviewed about when they experienced the various events. Overall, children were as accurate about learning events as physical events, but they were more accurate when asked temporal distance (e.g. ‘Which did you learn a longer time ago, “X” or “Y”?’) than temporal location questions (e.g. ‘Which did you learn before today, “X” or “Y”?’). The results suggest that young children's apparent difficulty recognizing new learning is not due to a rapid ‘remember‐to‐know shift’. Rather, the way we ask young children about when they experienced various events determines their accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The temporal dynamics of detached versus positive reappraisal: An ERP study

Detached reappraisal and positive reappraisal are regarded as two distinct types of cognitive reappraisal strategy, and the former is considered more disengaging than the latter. The conceptual framework of emotion regulation choice posits that strategies involving disengagement operate earlier and more efficiently than engagement strategies. Here, we compare for the first time the temporal dynamics of detached and positive reappraisal during the regulation and re-exposure phases thereof by measuring event-related potentials. During the regulation phase, pictures were viewed or regulated using detached or positive reappraisal. During the re-exposure phase, the same pictures were viewed again. Results showed that during regulation, central-parietal late positive potentials (LPPs) were greatly attenuated under both strategy types, with the regulation effect of detached reappraisal occurring earlier than that of positive reappraisal and resulting in a stronger attenuation of LPP amplitudes. Upon re-exposure, detached reappraisal exerted enduring effects on self-reported arousal and the central-parietal LPP, whereas positive reappraisal had an enduring effect only on pleasantness. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of detached and positive reappraisal on valence, arousal, and neural responses, and underline the striking differences in the temporal dynamics of these reappraisal strategies.