群体隔离对大白鼠行为的影响及其与脑内单胺类神经介质含量的关系

观察表明,群体隔离(10—12周)的大白鼠,在开阔地方的自由活动和杀小鼠行为方面没受到明显影响,但隔离鼠在电击后格斗行为明显地增加了。隔离鼠脑内单胺类种经介质的含量无明显改变。在电击格斗后群居组和隔离组脑内DA含量均明显降低。群居组鼠端脑内NE含量增高,脑干内5-HIAA含量降低,但隔离组无上述改变。隔离鼠在注利血平、电击后格斗行为明显减少。对上述现象进行了讨论。     

Quantity discrimination in fish species: fish use non-numerical continuous quantity traits to select shoals

Fish typically prefer to live in big shoals due to the associated ecological benefits. Shoaling is a behavior that depends on the ability to quantitatively discriminate. The fundamental mechanism involved in quantity discrimination determines whether fish can discriminate a shoal using numerical discrete cues (e.g., number of shoal members), non-numerical continuous traits (e.g., total body surface area) or both; however, the mechanism is currently a controversial topic. In the present study, we used a spontaneous choice experiment to test whether guppy (Poecilia reticulata), zebrafish (Danio rerio), Chinese crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) rely on continuous (i.e., body surface area) or discrete (i.e., number of shoal members) information for shoal selection by altering the body surface area (cumulative body surface area ratio of 3:2 or 1:1) between two stimulus shoals with a different number of members (2 individuals vs 3 individuals). All four fish species preferred to shoal with the stimulus shoal with the larger cumulative surface area even if the shoal had fewer members; however, fish showed no shoal preference when the cumulative surface body areas of both stimulus shoals were equal. Furthermore, qingbo did not numerically discriminate between a shoal with 1 individual and a shoal with 3 individuals when the cumulative surface areas of both stimulus shoals were equal; however, qingbo showed a preference for the shoal with the larger cumulative surface area when the two stimulus shoals each had 3 individuals. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that all four fish species relied only on non-numerical continuous quantity information for shoal selection, at least under a difficult task (i.e., 2 vs 3).     

Finding the Lost Sheep: A Panel Study of Business Students' Intrinsic Religiosity,Machiavellianism, and Unethical Behavior Intentions

This research investigates 266 business students' panel data across 4 time periods and tests a theoretical model involving intrinsic religiosity, the love of money (Time 1), Machiavellianism (Time 2), and propensity to engage in unethical behaviors (PUB; Times 3 and 4). There was a short ethics intervention between Times 3 and 4. We identified good apples and bad apples using the PUB measure collected at Time 4. From Time 3 to Time 4, good apples became more ethical, whereas bad apples became less ethical after the ethics intervention. Moreover, for the whole sample, intrinsic religiosity deterred unethical intentions not only directly but also indirectly through the absence of Machiavellianism. Before the ethics intervention, intrinsic religiosity curbed unethical intention directly for good apples but indirectly for bad apples. After the intervention, only the indirect effect was significant for bad apples. Intrinsic religiosity offers us hope to open the hearts of the lost sheep and bring them home. Research results were discussed in light of this study's theoretical, empirical, and practical contributions; Judeo-Christian ethics and values; challenging roles of educators and executives in educating Gen-Yers; creating a sea change of the ethical social norm in schools, organizations, and society, or ethical community building, and promoting ethical behavior; and future directions for research.     

学校心理学专业化

本文扼要介绍由联合国教科文组织和国际教育局于1948年召开的第一次有关学校心理学的会议,此作为学校心理学始倡,以及会议分发给世界各国政府的问卷节要,讨论了学校心理学的不同任务,特别是普通教育系统中特殊教育的随班就读的各项任务。本文还概述了学校心理学在智力甑别、社会适应、教学咨询和职业指导方面的作用;尝试性地提出了以前忽略学校心理学的问题,指出它在我国将来发展的前景。     

仪表显示器的照度、对比度、色饱和度对检察速度的影响

本文通过心理物理实验,从工程心理学角度,提出了仪表显示器的照度水平、对比度、色饱和度是相互关联的。它们是保证监盘工检察速度的重要目视条件。文章最后提供了仪表显示器的最佳照度、对比度、色饱和度等参数,可作为仪表显示器和电厂控制室室内设计的参考标准。     

关于外部奖赏如何影响内在动机的实验研究

近年来,关于动机的研究发现外部奖赏会影响人们对课题的内在动机。本实验以小学儿童为被试探讨了外部奖赏如何影响内在动机的过程。结果表明,诱因之间的对比是引起内在动机变化的一个重要因素。     

302m氦氧饱和潜水模拟实验中对神经和心理功能的观察

国内首次302m氦氧饱和潜水模拟实验中,用心理学测验和主观感觉询问对3名受试者的神经和心理反应现象进行了观察。加压到200m、250m、302m和302m停留1天后,受试者的简单视觉运动反应时较常压对照值分别延长了7.3%、4.5%、6.5%和6.1%。加压到200m受试者书面心理学测验失分率较常压对照值增加了156.4%。加压到250m受试者滚珠投递数和失误数较常压对照值分别减少12.2%和增加27.6%。302m停留1天后受试者滚珠投递数和失误数较常压对照值分别减少11.3%和增加56.2%,扑克花样分类时间较常压对照值增加8.7%,书面心理学测验失分率较常压对照值增加113.8%。减压后或减压毕,上述各指标的变化均恢复常压对照水平。根据测试结果和受试者的症状和体征,实验中所观察到的高压神经综合症的表现较国外同样深度的实验报道为轻,这可能与实验采用的缓慢加压速度和设置中间驻留站有关。     

和内省有关的几个问题

本文指出内省有各种各样的,不宜不加区别地赞成或反对内省。一直受到批评的只是古典内省,而这种内省在铁钦纳1927年逝世以后,在实验室中已经无人使用。现在还经常使用的内省,如被试对刺激的评价或判断等,包括激进的行为主义者在内,从来没人反对过,并且已成为心理实验的惯例。作者认为被试只能报告他心理过程的结果,要求他报告出心理过程本身实际上是不可能的。如果在赞成和反对哪种内省方面没有重大分歧,可否采取求同存异的原则,对其它枝节问题先放一放,等到新的事实累积多些时,再来讨论这个问题?     

Consistency of Response Patterns in Different Estimation Tasks

The current study aimed at addressing two issues concerning children's estimation performance: (1) to investigate whether the log-to-linear framework or the proportional judgment framework provided a better explanation of children's estimation patterns, and (2) to examine the consistency of response patterns in different estimation tasks. A sample of 179 Chinese first graders was assessed on their arithmetic performance and estimation skills (including numerosity naming, numerosity production, and number line). The log-to-linear framework was suggested to provide a better framework in explaining children's estimation patterns. Under this framework, we identified both common features and uniqueness of children's response patterns in different estimation tasks. Furthermore, different estimation skills uniquely contributed to children's arithmetic performance. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

Positive and Negative Affect in Loss Aversion: Additive or Subtractive Logic?

Previous studies explain loss aversion as the result of a situation in which the expected negative emotions derived from a potential loss exceed the expected positive emotions derived from a potential gain (subtractive logic). We questioned this view and proposed additive logic, in which a linear combination between negative and positive emotions can be used as summed anticipatory affect intensity (SAAI) to explain loss aversion. By disproving two implicit hypotheses of subtractive logic, Study 1 showed that the additive logic of expected positive and negative affect was more effective than the subtractive logic in predicting loss aversion. Study 2 used real monetary gains and losses to verify the conclusion in Study 1. Using state‐trait theory to comprehensively consider the state and trait aspects of affect intensity, we further deduced that the immediate expected affect intensity might originate from the difference of an individual trait in affect intensity. Study 3 proved this hypothesis and showed that SAAI plays an intermediary role between affect intensity and loss aversion. Furthermore, Study 4 used real gamblers in casinos in Macau as its sample and obtained the same conclusion regarding loss aversion in real life as was found in the laboratory. Finally, we explained the effect of SAAI on loss aversion and indicated the contribution and significance of this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.