The costs and benefits of sexism: resistance to influence during relationship conflict

This study tested whether men's and women's hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS) were associated with resistance to influence in couples' conflict interactions. Ninety-one heterosexual couples were recorded while trying to produce desired changes in each other. Participants reviewed their discussions and rated how open they were to their partner's perspective. Objective coders also rated the extent to which each partner exhibited hostile communication. We tested key principles arising from ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996). First, BS is necessary because mutual interdependence reduces the power of HS to influence women within intimate relationships. We found that the more men endorsed HS, the less open and more hostile both partners were, and the less successful their discussions were in producing desired change. Second, BS reduces the threat of women's dyadic power by revering and respecting women's interpersonal roles while restricting women's influence outside the relationship domain. We found that men who expressed higher agreement with BS were more open to their partners' influence and behaved with less hostility, and their discussions were more successful. These relationship benefits illustrate why BS is effective at disarming women's resistance to wider inequalities. These benefits, however, were contingent on men adopting BS attitudes. When women strongly endorsed BS but their male partner did not, women were less open, behaved with greater hostility, and perceived their discussions as less successful. These results indicate that, because BS increases the stakes within the relationship domain, women who endorse BS will react more negatively when their expectations are not realized.     

抑郁绝望理论在我国儿童中适用性的追踪研究

摘 要 以抑郁的绝望理论和最弱联结假设为基础,采用纵向追踪研究设计,应用多层线性模型分析考察抑郁绝望理论在我国儿童中的适用情况。结果表明：1、应激事件水平能预测抑郁症状的程度,并且在较大年龄儿童中具有更强的预测性; 2、虽然研究结果的统计显著性不支持以最弱联结假设为认知依据的绝望理论,但在一定程度上还是反应了该理论的适用性;3、个体认知归因方式可能在儿童阶段开始形成并逐渐发展成熟。     

国内外关于笔记的研究综述

记笔记是学生在听课和阅读时普遍采用的学习策略。本文对近些年来国内外的笔记研究进行了综述,分别从笔记的功能、笔记效果的影响因素、学习障碍学生的笔记研究和基于网络的笔记研究四个方面对以往的笔记研究进行了总结。其中在笔记效果的影响因素方面,又分别从笔记技术、工作记忆、元认知知识以及其他影响因素方面进行了概括总结。另外本文也提出了关于未来研究方向的展望。     

Caller characteristics, call contents, and types of assistance provided by caller sex and age group in a Canadian Inuit crisis line in Nunavut, 1991-2001

Analysis of calls made to a northern Canadian Inuit crisis line in the territory of Nunavut between 1991 and 2001 revealed that the majority of users were adult females who called to discuss problems primarily related to relationships and loneliness/boredom. Younger callers tended to make prank calls. The volunteer staff used mostly empathetic listening and suggestions. Referral recommendations made were primarily to social services. Although some callers experienced a language barrier, others found the service to be helpful. Results suggest that the crisis line was underused by young Inuit males who represent a group that are most in need of crisis intervention.     

Competence to make treatment decisions in anorexia nervosa: thinking processes and values

This paper explores the ethical and conceptual implications of the findings from an empirical study of decision-making capacity in anorexia nervosa. In the study, ten female patients aged 13 to 21 years with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, and eight sets of parents, took part in semi-structured interviews. The purpose of the interviews was to identify aspects of thinking that might be relevant to the issue of competence to refuse treatment. All the patient participants were also tested using the MacCAT-T test of competence. This is a formalised, structured interviewer-administered test of competence, which is a widely accepted clinical tool for determining capacity. The young women also completed five brief self-administered questionnaires to assess their levels of psychopathology.The issues identified from the interviews are described under two headings: difficulties with thought processing, and changes in values. The results suggest that competence to refuse treatment may be compromised in people with anorexia nervosa in ways that are not captured by traditional legal approaches or current standardised tests of competence.     

听障学生与正常学生社会认知能力的比较研究

以配对比较的方法,通过观点采择、个性特征认知、故事复述等社会认知能力测验,考察听障学生与正常学生的社会认知能力的差异,结果表明:(1)在智力、年龄相同的情况下,听障学生的社会认知能力发展明显比正常学生迟缓;(2)听障学生与正常学生的社会认知能力不存在性别差异;(3)听障学生社会认知发展迟缓与其社会互动经验的缺乏有关联。     

Symmetric distribution in latencies of cortical somatosensory potentials evoked by right and left posterior tibial nerve stimulation in right-, left-, and mixed-handed men and women

The latencies of the P1, N1, P2, and N2 components of the somatosensory potentials evoked by stimulation of the right and left posterior tibial nerves in the right-, left-, and mixed-handed men and women were subjected to a statistical analysis. The mean latencies of the primary and secondary cortical responses are symmetrically distributed between the right and left sides for all the subjects. The mean latencies obtained of women were significantly shorter than those of men. This difference was accounted for by the fact that the mean body height of women was significantly less than that of men, since there was a significant positive correlation between body height and latency. It was concluded that the conduction times for the cortical input as well as the early cortical information processing, despite synaptic interventions, cannot play a role in the cerebral lateralization concerning the perceptual and manipulospatial tasks.     

Acute pain in a clinical setting: Effects of cognitive-behavioural skills training

The present study evaluated the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural skills training, patterned after stress-inoculation training, as a preventive intervention for the attenuation of acute clinical pain during a noxious X-ray procedure—the knee arthrogram. Thirty-six adult male outpatients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Skills Training. Attention-Placebo, and No-Treatment Control. An experimental pain test was administered before and after the interventions, as a generalization measure. Arthrogram pain was assessed by three dependent measures: patient's ratings, radiologist's ratings and videotape ratings completed by two‘blind’ raters. The results failed to support the efficacy of skills training for the attenuation of acute clinical pain, or its generalization to the experimental pain test. Although Skills Training subjects reported using significantly more coping strategies during the arthrogram. many subjects in the two control groups also reported using their own spontaneous strategies. Equivocal data were obtained on the role of ‘self-efficacy’ expectancies in mediating pain behaviour and experience. Experimental pain threshold but not pain tolerance was significantly related to acute clinical pain experienced during the arthrogram.     

Effects of training in rapid decoding on the reading comprehension of adult ESL learners

We report an experimental investigation of the effects on comprehension of increasing the decoding speed of three adult learners of English as a Second Language (ESL). Participants were taught to read lists of 25 difficult words in isolation until they could read the entire list at a mean rate of not more than 1.5 secs per word. They were then asked to read passages containing these words. Decoding speed and accuracy measures, for both the word lists and passages, and passage comprehension measures, were obtained. In a temporally contiguous within-subjects repeated trials reversal design, decoding training on isolated words was shown to be associated with significant increases in decoding speed and accuracy both in isolation and context, and improvements in the participants' comprehension. With all participants rate and accuracy gains in context were maintained in the final reversal phase, though the comprehension score gains did not. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for a decoding sufficiency hypothesis.     

Lives in a balance: perceived family functioning and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors.

Childhood cancer patients have a greater likelihood of long-term survival than ever before. This study examined both the perceived family functioning of adolescents who had successfully completed treatment for pediatric cancer and the relationship between family functioning and post-treatment adjustment. Eighty-eight adolescent survivors of hematologic malignancies were assessed regarding their family functioning, mental health, self-esteem, global competence, and problem behaviors. Contrary to expectations about the influence of cancer on these families, adolescent cancer survivors reported lower levels of family cohesion than the normative sample of healthy adolescents and their families. While current age, gender, age at diagnosis, and time since treatment completion were generally not associated with adolescents' adjustment, perceived family cohesion and adaptability were strongly related to post-treatment psychological adjustment.