双语脑的研究:不同的语言是否有不同的皮层机制?

随着认知神经科学技术的发展,研究者对“不同语言是否有不同的大脑皮层机制?”这个问题的研究也进一步深入。一系列的神经心理学和脑成像研究表明,语言获得的时问、流利程度、获得方式等都可能成为影响语言的皮层机制的因素。     

移动窗口条件下聋生阅读过程中字词识别的实验研究

本研究采用移动窗口技术,以短文为实验材料,分别以单字呈现和多字呈现两种方式,对阅读技能水平较高和较低的聋生进行了实验,旨在验证和探讨聋生在汉语文章阅读过程中语音编码所起的作用。实验结果发现,聋生在短文阅读过程中存在语音激活的现象,但语音与字形所起的作用在不同实验中表现不同;聋生,特别是阅读能力较高的聋生,在阅读过程中,字形起到了关键的作用。     

Therapists' Integration of Religion and Spirituality in Counseling: A Meta‐Analysis

The authors conducted a 26‐study meta‐analysis of 5,759 therapists and their integration of religion and spirituality in counseling. Most therapists consider spirituality relevant to their lives but rarely engage in spiritual practices or participate in organized religion. Marriage and family therapists consider spirituality more relevant and participate In organized religion to a greater degree than therapists from other professions. Across professions, most therapists surveyed (over 80%) rarely discuss spiritual or religious issues in training. In mixed samples of religious and secular therapists, therapists' religious faith was associated with using religious and spiritual techniques in counseling frequently, willingness to discuss religion in therapy, and theoretical orientation.     

股价和性别对模拟选股决策的影响

该模拟研究考察了股价和性别因素对股票新手选股决策的影响。股价为组内变量,分高低两个水平。被试是48名大学生,男女各半,均无股票操作经验。实验结果表明,股价对股票选择时间没有显著影响,但对被试体验到的冲突强度有明显影响,被试选择高价股时感受到的冲突强度显著高于选择低价股时感受到的冲突强度;在股票选择时间上存在显著的性别差异,女性选择时间明显长于男性的选择时间。     

Effect of 45‐Day −6° Head‐Down Bed Rest on Cooperation and Aggression

High levels of cooperation and low aggression seem obviously vital to the successful implementation of space missions. To elucidate the effect of microgravity on these behaviors, we investigated whether cooperative and aggressive behaviors would be affected in 16 male volunteers during 45‐day ?6° head‐down bed rest, which is a reliable simulation model for most physiological effects of spaceflight. We used an ultimatum game task to evaluate the cooperative behavior and a revised competitive reaction time test to evaluate the aggressive behavior simultaneously. We found that (1) the participants became less cooperative in the post‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase and (2) the participants became more aggressive in the in‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase. These findings provide evidence that head‐down bed rest may affect both cooperative and aggressive behaviors in males, suggesting an important perspective for future studies in space psychology.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using spatial vibrotactile cues to direct visual attention in driving scenes

We report two experiments designed to investigate the potential use of vibrotactile warning signals to present spatial information to car drivers. Participants performed an attention-demanding rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) monitoring task. Meanwhile, whenever they felt a vibrotactile stimulus presented on either their front or back, they had to check the front and the rearview mirror for the rapid approach of a car, and brake or accelerate accordingly. We investigated whether speeded responses to potential emergency driving situations could be facilitated by the presentation of spatially-predictive (80% valid; Experiment 1) or spatially-nonpredictive (50% valid; Experiment 2) vibrotactile cues. Participants responded significantly more rapidly following both spatially-predictive and spatially-nonpredictive vibrotactile cues from the same rather than the opposite direction as the critical driving events. These results highlight the potential utility of vibrotactile warning signals in automobile interface design for directing a driver’s visual attention to time-critical events or information.     

再论思维的可训练性

本文从思维的可逆性、思维过程的操作化和思维训练的实践效果等方面论证了思维的可训练性,提出了将思维的可逆性与思维的认知过程相结合而产生的可逆性思维过程理论。该理论认为,可逆性是思维的本质属性,思维过程因其可逆性而具有可训练性,思维训练本质上是在训练思维的可逆性。实践表明,可逆性思维过程可操作化为各种具体的思维训练项目,进而可编制适合普通儿童、学习困难儿童、轻度智力落后儿童等各类儿童的实用思维训练教程,运用这些教程开展的思维训练能够有效地促进各类儿童的智力（思维）发展。     

教师教学认知偏差问卷的编制及初步应用

依据社会心理学等有关认知偏差理论,结合教师教学实际自制了"教师教学认知偏差问卷"。对问卷进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析以及信度检验等发现,该问卷显示出较好的效度和信度。以该问卷对846名教师进行了初步调查,调查的数据反映出在教师中存在不同程度的教学认知偏差,其中女教师的教学认知偏差要显著好于男教师,教学优秀教师的教学认知偏差显著好于一般普通教师,教龄时间较短的教师的教学认知偏差要显著好于教龄较长的教师。     

合作学习研究的综述

合作学习(cooperative learning)是目前世界上许多国家都普遍采用的一种富有创意和实效的教学理论与策略体系。文章主要阐述了合作学习的概念、类型、方法,及理论。最后,指出我国合作学习研究出现的问题和未来展望。文章认为强化实验研究、探讨与课堂教学相结合的研究,及重视教师在合作学习的作用是今后该领域发展的主要方向。     

修辞的认识论功能——从科学修辞学角度看

科学修辞的认知意义在理论上基于对知识和修辞的不同认识,即知识被认为是拥有确定性的真的信念,修辞的论辩、逻辑部分被重新发掘。在这一框架下,修辞不再外在于科学知识核心,而是在从个人经验到科学假说、直至科学理论及其检验等一系列过程中都有着深刻的认知意义。