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101.
The authors examined the relation between early adolescents’ trust beliefs in peers and both their attributions for, and retaliatory aggression to, peer provocation. One hundred and eight-five early adolescents (102 male) from the United Kingdom (M age = 12 years, 2 months, SD = 3 months) completed the Children's Generalized Trust Beliefs in peer subscale (K. J. Rotenberg, C. Fox, et al., 2005) and reported the intentions of, and their retaliatory aggression to, hypothetical peer provocation. A curvilinear relation was found between trust beliefs in peers and retaliatory aggression but not for attributions of intention. Early adolescents with low and those with very high trust beliefs in peers reported greater retaliatory aggression than did early adolescents with the middle range of trust beliefs. The findings supported the conclusion that early adolescents who are high trusting, as well as those are very low trusting, are at risk for psychosocial maladjustment. Support was not obtained for a hostility attribution bias interpretation of those patterns. 相似文献
102.
Anne Smith Christopher A. Moore David H. McFarland Christine M. Weber 《Journal of motor behavior》2013,45(2):148-167
The role played by reflex pathways in the production of movement has been a significant issue for motor control theorists interested in a wide variety of motor behaviors. From studies of locomotion and chewing, it appears that gains in reflex pathways can be altered so that activity in these pathways does not produce destabilizing responses during movement. In speech production, recent experimental evidence has been interpreted to suggest that autogenetic lip reflexes (perioral reflexes) are suppressed during sustained phonation or speech production. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of phonation, direction of movement, and ongoing speech production on reflex responses of lip muscles. The present results suggest, in contrast to earlier work, that this reflex pathway is not suppressed during phonation or speech. However, the response may appear to be suppressed or absent because the amplitude of the observed response depends upon the activation levels of the various muscles of the lower lip and, therefore, indirectly on the nature of the gesture the subject is instructed to produce. 相似文献
103.
The present study attempted to examine the changes associated with learning two time-constrained aiming movements at the neuromuscular and behavioral levels of analysis. Electromyographic data and movement kinematics were used to assess changes due to practice. Eight right-handed females were required to perform a 45° horizontal forearm extension in either 200 ms or 500 ms for 100 trials on each of four consecutive days. Both groups demonstrated an improvement in performance and a decrease in within-subject variability in the endpoint response measures, movement trajectory, and myoelectric pattern. With practice, there was a decrease in the amount of cocontraction between the agonist and antagonist muscles during movement execution, which indicated an elimination of unwanted neural activity. For the 200 ms task, the acceleration profile became symmetrical and a triphasic myoelectric pattern became evident. The deceleratory phase of the 500 ms task was longer than the acceleratory phase, and a biphasic pattern became apparent. The results suggest that two different control strategies were developed in the execution of the two movements examined. In addition, the relative invariance of the spatial-temporal dependent measures, as compared to the variability of the EMG, led us to the conclusion that the movement planning hierarchy was concerned with the spatial-temporal domain, whereas the amplitude and timing of muscular activity were planned at a lower level and thus played a subordinate role in movement production. 相似文献
104.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects that differentially coded (black and white and color) illustrations had on students (N = 117) who were classified as field dependent, field neutral, or field independent as a result of their performance on the visually oriented Group Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, Olt-man, Rashin, & Karp, 1971). Students were randomly assigned to two instructional treatments complemented by illustrations (black and white and colored). After receiving their respective treatments, students reviewed two visually oriented criterion tests. Two-way analyses of variance conducted on achievement scores indicated that field independents scored significantly higher than did field dependents on both visual tests, and differences between field-dependent and field-independent learners who received the color-coded treatments on the visual identification test were insignificant. Results indicate that field dependency is an important instructional variable and that for some types of learning objectives the process of color coding instructional materials may reduce achievement differences attributed to differences in cognitive style. 相似文献
105.
Kate Gordon Moore 《The Journal of psychology》2013,147(2):161-168
The evaluation of a person seeking or volunteering information in cooperatively or competitively oriented problem solving groups was investigated in 63 white and black, male and female, high school and college students. It was hypothesized that under cooperative conditions the seeking of information would be evaluated more positively than would the volunteering of information, while under competitive conditions the volunteering of information would be evaluated more positively than would the seeking of information. A highly trained confederate (C) engaged in either the seeking of information or the volunteering of information in four-person problem solving groups in which Ss were either cooperatively or competitively oriented. Ss rated Cs on eight bipolar scales. The results confirmed the hypothesis. 相似文献
106.
Erin W. Moore Jannette Y. Berkley-Patton Starlyn M. Hawes 《Journal of religion and health》2013,52(3):930-940
College student-athletes tend to consume more alcohol, engage in sex, and report more sex partners than nonathlete students. The current study examined the relationship between religiosity (e.g., influence of religious beliefs and church attendance) and alcohol use and sex behavior among college student-athletes. Most of the student-athletes (n = 83) were religious. Influence of religious beliefs was a significant predictor of less alcohol use and less sexual activity (i.e., oral and vaginal sex, number of sex partners). However, increased church attendance was not found to be a protective factor. Findings suggest that religious beliefs may contribute to reduction of alcohol use and sexual risk among college student-athletes. Consideration should be given to incorporating religiosity aspects in sexual and alcohol risk-reduction interventions for student-athletes. 相似文献
107.
Ryan Moore 《Deviant behavior》2013,34(3):229-252
ABSTRACT This paper examines the commercialization of an alternative youth subculture. Sociologists have typically focused on the ways that authorities have attempted to repress and censor youthful rebellion, but less attention has been given to their appropriation by mass media and consumer markets. In fact, I argue that condemnation by authorities has often made deviance more alluring for some young people, while commercialization appears to dilute the adversarial qualities of youth culture. I use the concept “subcultural capital” to explain both the economic value of youthful rebellion and the process of co-optation that occurs when it is absorbed into the consumer culture. While labeling and other disciplinary forms of societal reaction have attempted to enforce the boundary between deviance and normality, commercialization can have the opposite effect of conflating these boundaries. 相似文献
108.
Tamara Dobler 《Philosophical Investigations》2013,36(3):231-250
Peter Hacker defends an interpretation of the later Wittgenstein's notion of grammar, according to which the inherently general grammatical rules are sufficient for sense‐determination. My aim is to show that this interpretation fails to account for an important contextualist shift in Wittgenstein's views on sense‐determination. I argue that Hacker attributes to the later Wittgenstein a rule‐based, combinatorial account of sense, which Wittgenstein puts forward in the Tractatus. I propose that this is not how we should interpret the later Wittgenstein because he insists that particular circumstances of use play a necessary role in determining the boundary between sense and nonsense. 相似文献
109.
Heidi M. Levitt Woraporn Rattanasampan Suwichit Sean Chaidaroon Caroline Stanley Tamara Robinson 《Humanistic Psychologist》2013,41(4):326-352
This qualitative study provides an understanding of how and when individuals experience transformational change as a consequence of reading narratives. Six participants who attributed significant personal changes to reading were recruited and interviewed. The investigators used grounded theory method to analyze these interviews and identify processes through which change unfolded. The core category of the analysis was identification with characters' experiences created a safe venue to consider threat and experiment with new possibilities and perspectives. Empathizing with protagonists enabled readers to integrate new modes of responding to personally difficult situations. Implications for bibliotherapy and narrative therapy are discussed. 相似文献
110.