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31.
Though bilinguals know many more words than monolinguals, within each language bilinguals exhibit some processing disadvantages, extending to sublexical processes specifying the sound structure of words (Gollan & Goldrick, Cognition, 125(3), 491–497, 2012). This study investigated the source of this bilingual disadvantage. Spanish–English bilinguals, Mandarin–English bilinguals, and English monolinguals repeated tongue twisters composed of English nonwords. Twister materials were made up of sound sequences that are unique to the English language (nonoverlapping) or sound sequences that are highly similar—yet phonetically distinct—in the two languages for the bilingual groups (overlapping). If bilingual disadvantages in tongue-twister production result from competition between phonetic representations in their two languages, bilinguals should have more difficulty selecting an intended target when similar sounds are activated in the overlapping sound sequences. Alternatively, if bilingual disadvantages reflect the relatively reduced frequency of use of sound sequences, bilinguals should have greater difficulty in the nonoverlapping condition (as the elements of such sound sequences are limited to a single language). Consistent with the frequency-lag account, but not the competition account, both Spanish–English and Mandarin–English bilinguals were disadvantaged in tongue-twister production only when producing twisters with nonoverlapping sound sequences. Thus, the bilingual disadvantage in tongue-twister production likely reflects reduced frequency of use of sound sequences specific to each language. 相似文献
32.
33.
Feasibility and Preliminary Outcomes of a School-Based Mindfulness Intervention for Urban Youth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tamar Mendelson Mark T. Greenberg Jacinda K. Dariotis Laura Feagans Gould Brittany L. Rhoades Philip J. Leaf 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(7):985-994
Youth in underserved, urban communities are at risk for a range of negative outcomes related to stress, including social-emotional
difficulties, behavior problems, and poor academic performance. Mindfulness-based approaches may improve adjustment among
chronically stressed and disadvantaged youth by enhancing self-regulatory capacities. This paper reports findings from a pilot
randomized controlled trial assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a school-based mindfulness
and yoga intervention. Four urban public schools were randomized to an intervention or wait-list control condition (n = 97 fourth and fifth graders, 60.8% female). It was hypothesized that the 12-week intervention would reduce involuntary
stress responses and improve mental health outcomes and social adjustment. Stress responses, depressive symptoms, and peer
relations were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Findings suggest the intervention was attractive to students, teachers,
and school administrators and that it had a positive impact on problematic responses to stress including rumination, intrusive
thoughts, and emotional arousal. 相似文献
34.
We used a new method to assess how people can infer unobserved causal structure from patterns of observed events. Participants were taught to draw causal graphs, and then shown a pattern of associations and interventions on a novel causal system. Given minimal training and no feedback, participants in Experiment 1 used causal graph notation to spontaneously draw structures containing one observed cause, one unobserved common cause, and two unobserved independent causes, depending on the pattern of associations and interventions they saw. We replicated these findings with less-informative training (Experiments 2 and 3) and a new apparatus (Experiment 3) to show that the pattern of data leads to hidden causal inferences across a range of prior constraints on causal knowledge. 相似文献
35.
A fundamental problem in organizations is designing mechanisms for eliciting voluntary contributions from individual members of a team who are entrapped in a social dilemma. To solve the problem, we utilize a game‐theoretical framework that embeds the traditional within‐team social dilemma in a between‐team competition for an exogenously determined prize. In equilibrium, such competition enhances the incentive to contribute, thereby reducing free‐riding. Extending existing literature, we focus on asymmetric competitions between teams of unequal size, and competitions between more than two teams. Comparing two protocols for sharing the prize—egalitarian and proportional profit‐sharing rules—we find that (i) free‐riding diminishes and (ii) team members contribute more toward their team's effort when they belong to the larger team and when the profit‐sharing rule is proportional. (iii) Additionally, under the egalitarian profit‐sharing rule team members contribute more than predicted by the equilibrium solution. We discuss implications of our findings for eliciting contributions in competitive environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
This work investigated how group-based power affects the motivations and preferences that members of advantaged and disadvantaged groups bring to situations of contact. To measure the preferred content of interactions, desires to address particular topics in intergroup contact were assessed for both experimental groups (Study 1) and real groups (Study 2). As predicted, across both studies, the desire to talk about power was greater among members of disadvantaged than of advantaged groups. This difference was mediated by motivation for change in group-based power. Study 2 further demonstrated that more highly identified members of disadvantaged groups wanted to talk about power more. Members of advantaged groups generally preferred to talk about commonalities between the groups more than about group-based power, and this desire was greater with higher levels of identification. However, perceiving that their group's advantage was illegitimate increased the desire of advantaged group members to address power in intergroup interactions. 相似文献
37.
Uri Feintuch Liat Raz Jane Hwang Naomi Josman Noomi Katz Rachel Kizony Debbie Rand Albert Skip Rizzo Meir Shahar Jang Yongseok Patrice L Tamar Weiss 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2006,9(2):129-132
Video-capture virtual reality (VR) systems are gaining popularity as intervention tools. To date, these platforms offer visual and audio feedback but do not provide haptic feedback. We contend that adding haptic feedback may enhance the quality of intervention for various theoretical and empirical reasons. This study aims to integrate haptic-tactile feedback into a video capture system (GX VR), which is currently applied for rehabilitation. The proposed multi-modal system can deliver audio-visual as well as vibrotactile feedback. The latter is provided via small vibratory discs attached to the patient's limbs. This paper describes the system, the guidelines of its design, and the ongoing usability study. 相似文献
38.
Work Attitudes and Emotional Responses of Permanent, Voluntary, and Involuntary Temporary-help Employees: An Exploratory Study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
On souhaite, avec cette recherche, compléter les travaux empiriques encore rares concernant l'impact du travail intérimaire sur les salarids concerned. On a comparé un échantillon de 90 intérimaires à un autre échantillon composé de 134 titulaires pour ce qui est de l'implication dans le travail, de la satisfaction professionnelle et du stress. Conformément au schema theorique et aux hypothèses opératoires issus de leurs propres déclarations, les intérimaires ont été séparés en deux sous-groupes sur la base du (non) volontariat pour cette forme de travail. Une analyse de variance multivariée (MANOVA) et une analyse de covariance multivariée (MANCOVA) ont mis en évidence des différences significatives au niveau de la satisfaction, mais pas de la motivation, ni du stress lié au rôle.
The current research is an attempt to extend the scant empirical literature addressing the impact of the temporary-help work arrangement on the temporary-help employees (THEs) employed under that arrangement. A sample of 90 THEs was compared to a sample of 134 permanent employees with respect to work involvement, work satisfaction, and stress measures. In accordance with the conceptual framework and the operational hypotheses that were derived and based on their own statements, THEs were divided into those who work on that arrangement voluntarily as opposed to those who worked as THEs involuntarily. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed significant differences only with regard to satisfaction measures and not for work involvement or role stress measures. 相似文献
The current research is an attempt to extend the scant empirical literature addressing the impact of the temporary-help work arrangement on the temporary-help employees (THEs) employed under that arrangement. A sample of 90 THEs was compared to a sample of 134 permanent employees with respect to work involvement, work satisfaction, and stress measures. In accordance with the conceptual framework and the operational hypotheses that were derived and based on their own statements, THEs were divided into those who work on that arrangement voluntarily as opposed to those who worked as THEs involuntarily. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed significant differences only with regard to satisfaction measures and not for work involvement or role stress measures. 相似文献
39.
Threshold scores for tones appearing on shadowed and on nonshadowed messages were obtained in order to test whether input presented on an irrelevant channel is attenuated when Ss attend to another channel. Comparisons were made between threshold scores obtained for each ear, when Ss shadowed messages appearing on that ear and when Ss shadowed messages appearing on the contralateral ear. The threshold scores in the two conditions were highly similar. Data are evaluated in the context of auditory target detection, with targets identified by their verbal content vs their physical characteristics. 相似文献
40.
Reactions to tokenism: The role of individual characteristics in shaping responses to token decisions 下载免费PDF全文
When only a handful of members from a disadvantaged group occupy positions of power, they are considered tokens. Previous research suggests that observers tend to consider tokenism as an egalitarian practice. Given its ambiguous nature, we hypothesized that reactions to tokenism would be shaped by individuals' sensitivity to inequality. In Study 1, we showed that women (vs. men) and individuals low (vs. high) on social dominance orientation differentiated more between a token and an egalitarian decision in the context of gender‐related practices. Similar findings were observed in Study 2, which involved gender and feminist identification as independent variables. Additional support, particularly for the role of social dominance orientation, was found in Study 3, which involved an ethnic token. Together, results demonstrate the role of individuals' chronic sensitivity to inequality in shaping their reactions to token practices. Theoretical and practical implications regarding the effect of tokenism on individuals' evaluations and responses to inequality are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献