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141.
Hiroshi Watanabe Franke E. Pollick Jan J. Koenderink Mitsuo Kawato 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1999,61(6):1116-1139
The primary objective of this study was to quantitatively investigate the human perception of surface curvature by using virtual surfaces and motor tasks along with data analysis methods to estimate surface curvature from drawing movements. Three psychophysical experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, we looked at subjects’ sensitivity to the curvature of a curve lying on a surface and changes in the curvature as defined byEuler’s formula, which relates maximum and minimum principal curvatures and their directions. Regardless of direction and surface shape (elliptic and hyperbolic), subjects could report the curvature of a curve lying on a surface through a drawing task. In addition, multiple curves drawn by subjects were used to reconstruct the surface. These reconstructed surfaces could be better accounted for by analysis that treated the drawing data as a set of curvatures rather than as a set of depths. A pointing task was utilized in Experiment 2, and subjects could report principal curvature directions of a surface rather precisely and consistently when the difference between principal curvatures was sufficiently large, but performance was poor for the direction of zero curvature (asymptotic direction) on a hyperbolic surface. In Experiment 3, it was discovered that sensitivity to the sign of curvature was different for perceptual judgments and motor responses, and there was also a difference for that of a curve itself and the same curve embedded in a surface. These findings suggest that humans are sensitive to relative changes in curvature and are able to comprehend quantitative surface curvature for some motor tasks. 相似文献
142.
This paper provides an overview of an interdisciplinary programme of research started more than 20 years ago at the University of Tokyo. A major aim of this programme was (and still is) to develop methods and related forms of quantitative analysis that provide rigorous evaluations of infant behaviour from a particular theoretical perspective. In one part of the programme telethermography is used to measure emotional changes in young infants. Contrary to the accepted view in attachment theory, infants as young as 2–3 months showed evidence of stress following separation from the mother (as indexed by a drop in the skin temperature of the infant's forehead). In another part, we established the presence of interpersonal synchrony between arm movements of the newborn and the speech of the mother and other adults, using computer assisted pattern recognition techniques. On the basis of this finding, we have proposed a simulation model of mother-infant interaction from the perspective of system information theory. In general, our programme of research provides a theoretically driven set of techniques and analytical approaches that may provide deeper insights into early development and parenting. 相似文献
143.
Shigeru Watanabe 《Animal cognition》2001,4(3-4):147-151
The author has previously reported that pigeons can discriminate paintings by different artists. Here, I replicated the
previous findings, carried out additional tests and compared discrimination by pigeons with that of humans. In Experiment
1, pigeons were trained to discriminate between paintings by Van Gogh and Chagall. After training, the subjects were tested
with different paintings by the same artists. The subjects showed generalization to these paintings. The subjects maintained
their discriminative ability for black-and-white paintings and partially occluded paintings. When they were tested with mosaic
paintings, the number of correct responses decreased, depending on the level of processing needed. In Experiment 2, human
subjects were tested with the same paintings. The subjects showed generalization and decrement of correct responses depending
on the degree of mosaic processing. These observations suggest that the visual cognitive function of pigeons is comparable
to that of humans. The convergence of higher visual cognition between the two species may stem from similar selection pressures
on avian ancestors and our ancestors through their evolution.
Accepted after revision: 19 August 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
144.
Tadaharu Watanabe 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2017,51(3):403-418
This study will show the results of four dialogical cultural exchange classes, which were held between Japanese and Chinese high school students, and examine the shifts in students’ viewpoints and changes in cultural understandings that occurred during those classes. In the first cultural exchange class, students of both countries read a story which described an older student who carelessly wore a T-shirt inside out, and younger students passed by without greeting him. Students of both countries were then asked to write their comments about it. From the second to the fourth class, students discussed the story with each other through exchanging their comments. By presenting another story, which introduced the viewpoint of a third person, and asking them questions that allowed them to reflect on their lives, students also experienced four different viewpoints during these cultural exchange classes. At the beginning of the cultural exchange, students of both countries tended to focus on the similarities in each other’s comments, which led to the closing down of the discussion. However, through discussions and experiencing the four different viewpoints, they found there are some essential differences between them around ‘ways of greeting’ and ‘hierarchical relationships between older and younger students’, which motivated them to understand their counterparts’ culture. Moreover, in the last comments of these cultural exchange classes, it was found that they acquired the viewpoints of cultural others. Given the results of these classes, it is shown that it is effective to present various stories to stimulate cultural understanding. 相似文献
145.
Fields L Tittelbach D Shamoun K Watanabe M Fitzer A Matneja P 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2007,87(1):97-119
When the stimuli in one perceptual class (A') become related to the stimuli in another perceptual class (B'), the two are functioning as a single linked perceptual class. A common linked perceptual class would be the sounds of a person's voice (class A') and the pictures of that person (class B'). Such classes are ubiquitous in real world settings. We describe the effects of a variety of training procedures on the formation of these classes. The results could account for the development of naturally occurring linked perceptual classes. Two perceptual classes (A' and B') were formed in Experiment 1. The endpoints of the A' class were called anchor (Aa) and boundary (Ab) stimuli. Likewise, the anchor and boundary stimuli in the B' class were represented as Ba and Bb. In Experiment 2, the A' and B' classes were linked by the establishment of one of four cross-class conditional discriminations: Aa-->Ba, Aa-->Bb, Ab-->Ba, or Ab-->Bb. Results were greatest after Aa-->Bb training, intermediate after Aa-->Ba and Ab-->Ba training, and lowest after Ab-->Bb training. Class formation was influenced by the interaction of the anchor/boundary values and the sample/comparison functions of the stimuli used in training. Experiment 3 determined whether class formation was influenced by different sets of two cross-class conditional discriminations: Aa-->Ba and Ab-->Bb, or Aa-->Bb and Ab-->Ba. Both conditions produced equivalent results. Similarities were attributable to the use of anchor stimuli as samples and boundary stimuli as comparisons in each training condition. Finally, the results afterjoint Aa-->Ba and Ab-->Bb training were much greater than those produced by summing the results of Aa-->Ba training alone and Ab-->Bb training alone. This same synergy was not observed after joint Aa-->Bb and Ab-->Ba training or either alone. 相似文献
146.
There are two ways for overcoming limitations of methods used in psychology, as Toomela (Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci. doi:, 2007) points out. These are inventing new methods of research, and looking back into the history of methodological thought for
new ideas. Though he limited the former as if it is a quantitative area and he declared to take the latter path, his paper
actually advocates the need to create new methodology for understanding the human psyche through historical approach. We discuss problems of sampling and generalization in that context, and suggest a new way to
creative synthesis through elaboration of qualitative methodologies. To us this direction constitutes an updated version of
the German–Austrian methodology exactly as Toomela suggests.
相似文献
Tatsuya SatoEmail: |
147.
Uwe Mayer Shigeru Watanabe Hans-Joachim Bischof 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2010,93(3):322-329
Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are able to learn the position of food by orienting on spatial cues in a ‘dry water maze’. In the course of spatial learning, the hippocampus shows high expression of the immediate early genes (IEGs) Zenk and c-Fos, indicating high activation of this area during learning. In contrast, the IEG activity is nearly absent if the birds do not have to rely on spatial cues. In the present experiment it was investigated whether hippocampal activation can also be observed if the learned spatial task is recalled. For this purpose, the hippocampal Zenk and c-Fos activation of birds in an early learning stage was compared with that of others having well reached their maximal performance. The results show that the avian hippocampus is also active during recall of a learned spatial task, but the activation is significantly lower than in animals learning actually. As in previous experiments, hippocampal IEG expression showed strong variation not only in the position of the active patches of neurons, but also in size and cell density. The observed difference contributes to the view that immediate early genes may not be indicators of activation alone, but may be due to a combination of activation and plastic changes. 相似文献
148.
149.
Hisako Watanabe 《Infant mental health journal》1987,8(4):398-408
Young mothers in Japan today are faced with a conflict between the traditional image of motherhood and a sometimes lonely life without physical and emotional support from their husbands, family, and community. As a consequence of this, more and more children are becoming emotionally disturbed as a result of poor mother-child interactions that arise as early as infancy. With several cases of poor interaction, hospital treatment was undertaken to establish emotional mutuality between mother and child through therapeutically induced regression into infancy. Each mother-child pair was hospitalized in the baby unit of the pediatric ward, and the mother provided consistent emotional availability to her child. The child then regressed into infantile states that involved the following four phases: (1) The child began to interact with her mother more actively; (2) she became demanding, like a toddler in the rapproachment crisis; (3) the mother's sustained acceptance won the trust of her child, who began to show a strong attachment to her; (4) the child began to progress to a stage appropriate to her age and used the mother as a secure home base. Each child lost previous symptoms and acquired a stable character. This approach, which utilized the Japanese affinity for intimacy and regression, proved effective in the management of psychopathologies rooted in infancy. 相似文献
150.
Two aspects of neon color spreading, local color spreading (neon flank) and illusory contour, were investigated by dichoptic viewing. Neon flank was not observed under appropriate dichoptic stimulation, suggesting that input to the process for local color spreading is based on monocular configuration. However, illusory contours were formed according to the interocularly combined configuration rather than according to each monocular configuration, suggesting that input to the process responsible for illusory contours should be ocularly-nonselective and binocular, rather than monocular. The possibilities of artifacts such as those arising from interocular rivalry were appropriately eliminated, and thus, it is tentatively concluded that the process underlying local color spreading is monocularly driven, whereas the process underlying illusory contours is binocularly driven. Furthermore, a new demonstration is presented that indicates that interocularly-induced illusory contours 'capture' and extend the monocularly-induced local color spreading, resulting in global color spreading (neon color spreading). These results support our hypotheses that neon color spreading involves two separable processes in the early visual processing, the feature detection process (for local color spreading) and the illusory contour process, and that these two processes interact with each other at later stages of cortical processing. The relation of local color spreading and illusory contours to surface separation is also discussed. 相似文献