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11.
Visible surfaces of three-dimensional objects are reconstructed from two-dimensional retinal images in the early stages of human visual processing. In the computational model of surface reconstruction based on the standard regularization theory, an energy function is minimized. Two types of model have been proposed, called "membrane" and "thin-plate" after their function formulas, in which the first or the second derivative of depth information is used. In this study, the threshold of surface reconstruction from binocular disparity was investigated using a sparse random dot stereogram, and the predictive accuracy of these models was evaluated. It was found that the thin-plate model reconstructed surfaces more accurately than the membrane model and showed good agreement with experimental results. The likelihood that these models imitate human processing of visual information is discussed in terms of the size of receptive fields in the visual pathways of the human cortex. 相似文献
12.
The purpose of this study was to explore cultural similarities and differences in regret, focusing on distinctions between interpersonal and self-situations, and between action and inaction regrets. Japanese and American undergraduates were asked to describe regrets experienced in interpersonal and self-situations. We found that both situational and cultural contexts influenced the likelihood of regretting inactions over actions. Participants were more likely to recall inaction regrets in self-situations than in interpersonal situations, and that the likelihood of recalling inaction regrets was more pronounced for Americans than for Japanese. Furthermore, we examined the intensity of the regret. Whereas American students experienced regret as intense as that of Japanese students in self-situations, Japanese students experienced regret more strongly than American students in interpersonal situations. Detailed content analysis also showed that individuals experienced regret in ways consistent with cultural values. The situational and cultural grounding of regret is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Recent findings suggest a right hemispheric dominance in gaze-triggered shifts of attention. The aim of this study was to clarify the dominant hemisphere in the gaze processing that mediates attentional shift. A target localization task, with preceding non-predicative gaze cues presented to each visual field, was undertaken by 44 healthy subjects, measuring reaction time (RT). A face identification task was also given to determine hemispheric dominance in face processing for each subject. RT differences between valid and invalid cues were larger when presented in the left rather than the right visual field. This held true regardless of individual hemispheric dominance in face processing. Together, these results indicate right hemispheric dominance in gaze-triggered reflexive shifts of attention in normal healthy subjects. 相似文献
14.
Abstract Goal perspective research in the sport setting has primarily focused on task and ego goal orientations, while failing to address the influence of social goals (e.g., Urdan & Maehr, 1995). Maehr and Braskamp's (1986) personal investment theory allows researchers to examine achievement motivation from a multidimensional perspective that incorporates social factors of motivation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the nature of the personal incentives, sense of self, and perceived options (Maehr & Braskamp, 1986) of basketball and cross-country athletes via semi-structured interviews. Results from content analyses revealed that athletes defined positive and negative experiences through task-, ego-, and socially-oriented personal incentives as well as sense of self and perceived options components. Socially-oriented personal incentives and sense of self components were more prevalent for the basketball athletes than for the cross-country athletes. Notable sport group differences suggest the need to further examine social factors of motivation with a broader representation of individual and team sport athletes. 相似文献
15.
S. Hata K. Higuchi M. Itakura N. Kuwano T. Nakano K. Hayashi 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(7):363-372
The atomic arrangements of short-range order (SRO) in two Al-rich γ-TiAl alloys with 62.5 and 60.0at.%Al respectively have been investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with image processing. For both alloys, SRO structures are formed in Ti-rich (002) layers of the L10 ordered γ-TiAl matrix, in the course of the phase transformation from the Al5 Ti3 long-period superstructure phase at lower temperatures to the h-Al2 Ti phase at higher temperatures. The SRO structures are composed of three types of ordered cluster: Ti4 Al type (square shaped), Ti3 Al type (fat rhombus shaped) and Ti2 Al type (lean rhombus shaped). The ordered clusters form local microdomains of the Al5 Ti3 and Al3 Ti2 superstructures in addition to the Al5 Ti3 and h-Al2 Ti superstructures, by different methods of tiling the ordered clusters. Such ordered clusters or microdomains tend to be in contact with each other through common {310) boundaries. This results in peculiar diffuse streaks in diffraction connecting intensity maxima arising from the long-period superstructures. 相似文献
16.
Noriko Nitta Eiji Taguchi Hidehiro Yasuda Hidetaro Mori Yoshihiko Hayashi Toshimasa Yoshiie 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(3):223-228
Secondary defects induced by ion and electron irradiation up to 6?dpa (displacements per atom) at liquid-nitrogen temperature in GaSb thin films are compared. For Sn ion (60?keV) irradiation, voids were observed. However, for high-energy electron (2?MeV) irradiation, interstitial-type dislocation loops were produced. The densities of voids and interstitial-type dislocation loops were almost equivalent (8?×?1014?voids/m2 and 3?×?1014?loops/m2) after irradiations at the same damage level of 6?dpa. It is concluded that the formation of voids by ion irradiation follows the creation of localised vacancy defects in cascade damage. 相似文献
17.
One of the most frequently used markers in research on numerical cognition is the distance effect. Recently, we have suggested that a distance effect can have different origins depending on the experimental task. By dissociating the comparison distance effect from the priming distance effect we revealed the need to study the origin of this effect before drawing any conclusions from it (van Opstal, Gevers, de Moor, &; Verguts, 2008). Because a distance effect in a same–different task is also commonly used to study number representations (e.g., Dehaene &; Akhavein, 1995), the present study aimed at uncovering the origin of the effect in this task. Computational and empirical results indicate clearly that the distance effect in the same–different task originates from number representations rather than a decision process. 相似文献
18.
19.
Takashi Hayashi 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1968,3(1):18-28
After the first principles of the conditional reflexes had been elucidated by Pavlov and his followers, Pavlov named the neurophysiologic entity common to both animals and men thefirst signaling system. He recognized that man has another signaling system,viz., language, and he proposed that it be named thesecond signaling system. Few experimental studies relating to the second signaling system have been done. Only occasional studies of the effects of spoken language on animals and men, or the effects of spoken language upon EEG and other motor activities of men have been reported. In this paper, the author reports experimental investigation of the second signaling system through the classical conditional salivary method in man, and the development of its methodology. 相似文献
20.
Investigating the Relative Contributions of Computerised Working Memory Training and English Language Teaching to Cognitive and Foreign Language Development 下载免费PDF全文
The current study reports on an intervention study that investigated the relative contributions of 5‐week English language training (ELT) and 5‐week working memory training (WMT) to improvements in English language knowledge and working memory capacity in university learners of English as a foreign language. The participants were allocated to one of the following three experimental groups and a control group: (i) ELT only; (ii) WMT only; and (iii) both WMT and ELT. The results showed that intervention effects were pronounced in the WMT + ELT group, who improved scores on the reading span test and all tests of verbal and visuo‐spatial short‐term and working memory. The gains on verbal short‐term (Japanese) and working memory (Japanese and English) were maintained 3 months later. None of the interventions, single or combined, were associated with gains in foreign language knowledge, however. The sustained effects of the dual approach and its implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献