2004至2013年中国大学生人格变迁的横断历史研究

已有研究发现大学生的心理健康等心理状态随社会变迁而发生变化,那么作为个体内在特质的人格是如何随年代变化呢?本研究对2004至2013年65篇采用五因素人格量表的研究进行了横断历史分析,以揭示47029名大学生人格特质的变化趋势。结果发现：（1）2004至2013年期间,大学生的人格五个因子得分与年代之间均呈现显著正相关,大学生人格特质发生了整体变化。（2）大学生的神经质、外向性、开放性和严谨性得分在10年期间均上升1个标准差以上,其d值在1.06~1.30之间,宜人性提高0.57个标准差。大学生在变得更加外向、开放、严谨和宜人的同时,情绪稳定性也更差。（3）男女大学生人格特质的变化既有共同趋势,又存在明显差异,男生的五个因子得分都显著上升,但是女生的开放性无变化,宜人性却有所下降。     

主管威权领导与下属前瞻行为：一个被中介的调节模型构建与检验

采用214份主管-下属配对调查数据, 考察了威权领导这一华人企业组织中特有的领导方式对下属前瞻行为的影响, 尤其是检验了下属对领导者信任的中介作用与权威主义和集体主义这两种传统价值取向的调节作用。层次回归分析结果表明：(1)威权领导与下属的前瞻行为呈显著负相关; (2)对领导者的信任在威权领导与下属前瞻行为之间起完全中介作用; (3)下属权威主义取向对威权领导与下属对领导者信任和前瞻行为之间的负向关系均具有显著的弱化效应, 并且下属对领导者的信任完全中介了威权领导与下属权威主义取向之间的交互作用对前瞻行为的影响; (4)下属集体主义取向对威权领导与下属对领导者的信任之间的负向关系具有显著的增强效应。     

心理账户的认知标签与情绪标签对消费决策行为的影响

Mental accounting is the set of cognitive operations used by individuals and households to organize, evaluate, and keep track of financial activities. Mental accounting proposes that people utilize a set of cognitive labels to evaluate their financial activities, each of which is associated with different preferences to consume (Levav & McGraw, 2009; Kahneman & Tversky 1984; Thaler 1985, 1990). Mental accounting researchers have shown that windfall gains are spent more readily and frivolously than ordinary income. Consumers prefer to spend their windfall gains on hedonic consumptions but spend their ordinary incomes on utilitarian consumptions. Levav and McGraw (2009) suggested that emotional accounting, including people’s feelings about money, also influences consumer choices. When people have negative feelings toward windfall, they opt to make utilitarian expenditures. However, the process of how cognitive (windfall or ordinary income) and affective (positive or negative emotion) tags interact in consumer behavior was not explored. This study proposes that both cognitive tag and affective tags in mental accounting affect consumer decision making. The objective of this study is to explore the interactive effect of cognitive and affective tags in mental accounting on consumer decision through four studies. In studies 1a and 1b, the effect of cognitive and affective tags in mental accounting on consumer decision making behavior was measured. Study 1a showed that the positive tag of windfall income is preferred for hedonic consumption, whereas the negative tag of windfall income is preferred for utilitarian consumption. Both positive and negative tags of ordinary income are preferred for utilitarian consumption. Study1b utilized a field study to examine actual consumption behavior. The results showed that when people received 15 Yuan RMB as ordinary income, they prefer to spend it on utilitarian consumption regardless of the positive or negative emotion they feel. However, they receive 15 Yuan RMB as windfall income, they prefer to use it for hedonic consumption in the positive emotion and for utilitarian consumption in the negative emotion. Studies 2a and 2b attempted to explore the reason of negative emotion can make windfall income turn from hedonic to utilitarian consumption. Study2a found that when people expect to feel guilty about spending windfall income on hedonic consumption, they would avoid hedonic consumption. Study2b found that when people felt guilty about windfall income, they tend to avoid hedonic consumption. Compared with the low guilt level group, the high guilt level group prefers to use windfall income for utilitarian consumption. These results suggest that cognitive and affective tags influence consumer behavior. The influence of cognitive tag on consumer decision presents the “cognition match effect”, whereas the influence of affective tag on consumer decision presents the “affect match effect”. Both tags also have an interaction effect on consumer decision. Guilt may be a mechanism that results in the negative tag of windfall being preferred for utilitarian consumption.     

Social power facilitates the effect of prosocial orientation on empathic accuracy

Power increases the tendency to behave in a goal-congruent fashion. Guided by this theoretical notion, we hypothesized that elevated power would strengthen the positive association between prosocial orientation and empathic accuracy. In 3 studies with university and adult samples, prosocial orientation was more strongly associated with empathic accuracy when distinct forms of power were high than when power was low. In Study 1, a physiological indicator of prosocial orientation, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, exhibited a stronger positive association with empathic accuracy in a face-to-face interaction among dispositionally high-power individuals. In Study 2, experimentally induced prosocial orientation increased the ability to accurately judge the emotions of a stranger but only for individuals induced to feel powerful. In Study 3, a trait measure of prosocial orientation was more strongly related to scores on a standard test of empathic accuracy among employees who occupied high-power positions within an organization. Study 3 further showed a mediated relationship between prosocial orientation and career satisfaction through empathic accuracy among employees in high-power positions but not among employees in lower power positions. Discussion concentrates upon the implications of these findings for studies of prosociality, power, and social behavior.     

社会支持、创伤后应激障碍与创伤后成长之间的关系:来自雅安地震后小学生的追踪研究

本文采用追踪研究的设计,在雅安地震后的6、12和18个月三个时间点,采用社会支持问卷、儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表、DSM-5的PTSD核查表和创伤后成长问卷对303名小学生进行调查。通过建立交叉滞后模型,考察社会支持、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)与创伤后成长(PTG)三者之间的关系,结果发现在震后6至18个月之间,PTG对PTSD没有显著的预测作用,震后6个月的PTSD对震后12个月的PTG具有显著的跨时间点的正向预测作用,但是该作用在震后12至18个月之间不再显著;震后6至12个月之间,社会支持对PTSD发挥单向的缓解作用,但与PTG之间不存在显著的预测作用;在12至18个月之间,PTSD可以单向地降低社会支持,且社会支持与PTG之间也存在显著的正向相互预测作用。     

Effects of intergroup exclusion on individual needs threat and behavior tendencies

This study explores the effects of intergroup exclusion on need‐threat and the behavioral tendencies of excluded individuals. Results show that those excluded by in‐group members perceived more threat to relational needs, while participants excluded by out‐group members perceived more threat to efficacy needs. In addition, participants excluded by out‐group members displayed significantly more aggression intention and less helping intention than those who were excluded by in‐group members. This study indicates that the group relationship between excluders and the excluded will directly affect threat perception and behavioral responses.     

汉语语音范畴性知觉在儿童早期阅读中的作用

本研究以172名幼儿园中、大班和小学一年级的5~7岁儿童为研究对象, 测查了语音范畴性知觉、语音意识、短时记忆和汉字识别, 并通过群体差异比较、分层回归和结构方程建模的方法, 探讨了语音范畴性知觉、语音意识和早期阅读的关系。结果发现:(1)5~7岁儿童的语音范畴性知觉、语音意识能力随年龄的增加而显著提高;(2)语音范畴性知觉能力与语音意识, 特别是韵母意识和音节意识显著相关;(3)在语音与早期汉字识别能力的发展模型中, 语音范畴性知觉不直接影响汉字识别, 其对早期阅读的影响是通过语音意识的中介来实现的。     

小学生领导力萌芽与发展的实证研究

摘 要 本研究以四年级学生为研究对象,通过话语分析,探究了八个无领导小组八次讨论过程中领导力的萌芽状况及其影响因素。结果发现,小学生可自发出现领导力行为,但只有两个小组会涌现出明显的领导者,并表现为独立领导和协同领导两种不同模式。对学生和教师行为的综合分析显示,学生领导力的形成与教师示范、反馈及同伴互动存在密切关系,这对学生领导力的培养具有重要的启示意义。     

论伽达默尔对实践哲学和解释学的融合

对实践问题的思考贯穿了伽达默尔整个学术生涯,构成了他哲学思想的起点和归宿。实践哲学不仅影响了他的哲学解释学思想的形成,而且他还将哲学解释学应用于实践问题,发展出解释学的实践哲学。实践哲学和解释学在他的思想发展中是一种互动的、相互启发的关系。他对实践哲学和解释学的融合,可分为三个阶段。早期他通过对柏拉图的政治思想研究关注到理解和相互理解问题,此外海德格尔对《尼各马可伦理学》的阐释使其注意到实践智慧概念。在中期的代表作《真理与方法》中他通过实践智慧概念阐明解释学的应用问题。后期他通过将哲学解释学应用于对现代社会的反思,寻求对实践合理性的理解,希望以此来引导人们的生活,避免技术文明对人造成的异化。对实践哲学和解释学的融合体现伽达默尔作为一个人文知识分子的现实关怀,对于我们思考现代人的生存处境具有重要启发意义。     

外科医生人文素质培养的探讨

随着社会发展和医学模式的转变,患者对身心健康及医学人文服务的需求也越来越高.在临床治疗过程中,外科医生不仅要具有广泛高深的医学专业知识和丰富的临床经验,而且要具有良好的人文素质.提高外科医生的人文素质对于减少医患纠纷及构建和谐医患关系具有重要的现实意义.本文就外科医生的人文素质培养方面谈谈几点体会.