广义自身心理学人格发展理论述评

自身是人格的核心,其发展取决于个体遗传特征与自身对象环境的相互作用.如果自身对象人格健全,就能满足个体的自身对象需要,自身对象在满足个体自身对象需要方面不可避免的疏忽只会使个体遭受适度挫折,适度挫折促使个体通过变形性内化获得原来由自身对象为其行使的心理功能,从而形成自身结构.使自身--自身对象关系从原始走向成熟.广义自身心理学的人格发展理论超越了古典精神分析、自我心理学和对象关系理论的人格发展观,但过分强调早期自身对象关系对人格发展的决定作用,忽视个体遗传特征和社会文化因素对人格发展的影响.     

儿童青少年优秀品质的基本特点与模式*

采用优势行动价值问卷儿童青少年版（VIA-Youth）对947名城市儿童青少年进行调查,以探究儿童青少年优秀品质的基本特点,包括各种优秀品质的性别及年龄特点,以及儿童青少年优秀品质的组合模式等。研究得出以下结论：在24种优秀品质中,儿童青少年得分最高的5种分别是领导力、信仰、审慎、谦虚和正直,得分最低的5种为幽默、善良慷慨、感恩、宽容和好奇心。男生的好奇心得分显著高于女生,女生的情感智力和自我控制得分显著高于男生,在其他优秀品质上不存在显著性别差异;除创造力、信仰等5种优秀品质以外,八年级青少年的优秀品质得分均显著高于五年级儿童。潜剖面分析表明,儿童青少年优秀品质表现为高优秀品质组、中等略低优秀品质组和低优秀品质组3种不同的组合模式,3种组合模式的分布不存在显著的性别和年级差异。     

完美主义心理研究的历史和现状

完美主义(perfecrionism)心理是《心理障碍诊断与统计手册》(DSM-Ⅲ)的重要的诊断标准之一,被认为参与多种心理障碍的形成与发展。但是长期以来,对于完美主义心理缺少精确的定义和量化研究。上世纪八十年代以来,在欧美的心理咨询和资质优异教育领域,这种心理愈来愈被看作是与个体的心理健康及创造力息息相关的人格特质,并且已普遍承认这种特质是多维度、多侧面的。本文追溯了完美主义心理研究的历史渊源。介绍了完美主义心理研究的现状和进展。     

教师态度与指导方式对幼儿坚持性影响的实验研究

本研究采用3×2×2(年龄×教师态度×言语指导方式)三因素完全随机实验设计,考察了教师态度和言语指导对3~6岁幼儿坚持性的影响。其中幼儿年龄、教师态度及言语指导方式为实验的自变量,幼儿坚持完成任务的时间为实验因变量,设计4种实验情境,并随机选择沈阳市两所幼儿园,分层选取小、中、大班的幼儿作为实验研究的被试,年龄分布在3~6岁之间,每种情境下每个年龄段的有效被试各为30人,男女各半,共360人。研究结果表明:(1)3~6岁幼儿的坚持性随着年龄的增长而逐渐发展,且4~5岁是幼儿坚持性发展的转折期;(2)不同的教师态度对幼儿的坚持性影响显著;(3)不同的言语指导方式对幼儿坚持性影响显著;(4)教师积极态度下,多次言语指导对幼儿的坚持性会产生最积极的影响。     

浅谈我国应用ICD分类存在的问题

国际疾病分类（ICD）是目前国际公认的卫生信息标准分类,但是由于我国的ICD分类工作开展的时间还不是很长,推广还不够广泛和深入,目前我国应用ICD分类还存在很多问题,ICD分类质量有待进一步提高和完善,加强临床医师的ICD分类知识培训和编码人员的专业培训及责任心教育是提高ICD分类质量的重要途径。     

Intergroup trust and reciprocity in strategic interactions: Effects of group decision-making mechanisms

I examined the impact of the consensus-making mechanism, where members reach a common decision via an intra-group discussion, on intergroup trust and reciprocity in a strategic setting. Data from a trust game generated the following results. First, compared to individual decision-makers, consensus groups exhibited (a) lower psychological trust, (b) higher behavioral trust, after controlling for psychological trust, and (c) lower reciprocity. Second, compared to decisions made by group-representatives, who are responsible for unilateral decisions on behalf of their groups, group consensus decisions were more trusting but less reciprocating. Thus, the specific decision-making mechanism adopted by groups in a strategic interaction may profoundly change the nature and the interplay of the interaction. Lastly, results show that the level of behavioral trust is driven by reciprocity expectations, while the level of reciprocity behavior, measured as a proportion of the trust received, does not change systematically with the level of trust experienced.     

Number sense in human infants

Four experiments used a preferential looking method to investigate 6-month-old infants' capacity to represent numerosity in visual-spatial displays. Building on previous findings that such infants discriminate between arrays of eight versus 16 discs, but not eight versus 12 discs (Xu & Spelke, 2000), Experiments 1 and 2 investigated whether infants' numerosity discrimination depends on the ratio of the two set sizes with even larger numerosities. Infants successfully discriminated between arrays of 16 versus 32 discs, but not 16 versus 24 discs, providing evidence that their discrimination shows the set-size ratio signature of numerosity discrimination in human adults, children and many non-human animals. Experiments 3 and 4 addressed a controversy concerning infants' ability to discriminate large numerosities (observed under conditions that control for total filled area, array size and density, item size and correlated properties such as brightness: Brannon, 2002; Xu, 2003b; Xu & Spelke, 2000) versus small numerosities (not observed under conditions that control for total contour length: Clearfield & Mix, 1999). To investigate the sources of these differing findings, Experiment 3 tested infants' large-number discrimination with controls for contour length, and Experiment 4 tested small-number discrimination with controls for total filled area. Infants successfully discriminated the large-number displays but showed no evidence of discriminating the small-number displays. These findings provide evidence that infants have robust abilities to represent large numerosities. In contrast, infants may fail to represent small numerosities in visual-spatial arrays with continuous quantity controls, consistent with the thesis that separate systems serve to represent large versus small numerosities.     

Factorial design in the determination of differential limen values

This paper discusses the application of the principles of factorial design to an experiment in psychology. For the purpose of illustrating the principles, a simple experiment was designed dealing with the determination of the differential limen values of subjects for weights increasing at constant rates. The factorial design was of the type: 4 rates × 7 weights × 2 sexes × 2 sights × 2 dates. The appropriate statistical analysis for this type of design is the analysis of variance. The mathematical formulation of the problem was specified and the appropriate solution for the specific problem was obtained. Greater precision results from this type of design, in comparison with the traditional psychological experiment dealing with a single factor, in that measures are obtained of the effect of each of a number of factors together with their interactions.This is one of a number of studies on modern principles of experimental design. For the research grant to finance these studies, grateful acknowledgment is given to the Graduate School, the University of Minnesota.     

A model-based approach to multivariate principal component regression: Selecting principal components and estimating standard errors for unstandardized regression coefficients

Principal component regression (PCR) is a popular technique in data analysis and machine learning. However, the technique has two limitations. First, the principal components (PCs) with the largest variances may not be relevant to the outcome variables. Second, the lack of standard error estimates for the unstandardized regression coefficients makes it hard to interpret the results. To address these two limitations, we propose a model-based approach that includes two mean and covariance structure models defined for multivariate PCR. By estimating the defined models, we can obtain inferential information that will allow us to test the explanatory power of individual PCs and compute the standard error estimates for the unstandardized regression coefficients. A real example is used to illustrate our approach, and simulation studies under normality and nonnormality conditions are presented to validate the standard error estimates for the unstandardized regression coefficients. Finally, future research topics are discussed.     

彼得·辛格关于堕胎问题的伦理解读

彼得·辛格是澳大利亚和美国著名的生命伦理学家.在《实践伦理学》一书中,彼得·辛格在平等原则和功利原则的理论框架下,系统地阐述了他关于堕胎问题的伦理主张.彼得·辛格支持堕胎的理由与观点给当代中国堕胎自由的社会环境以及计划生育国策提供了伦理支持.