Choices and preferences: Evidence from implicit choices and response times

We present a new experimental paradigm where choice-induced preference change is measured for alternatives which are never compared directly, but rather confronted with other alternatives in a way which keeps choices predictable without exogenously manipulating them. This implicit-choice design improves on the free-choice paradigm, avoiding the recently criticized selection bias. Rating and ranking spreads in two experiments show that preference-based choices feed back into and alter preferences even if choices are not directly among similarly evaluated alternatives. In agreement with recent brain-imaging evidence, response time measurements for direct choice pairs in our experiments indicate that reappraisal processes are already triggered during decision making, with larger post-choice spreads (sharper attitude change) being associated to quicker decisions.     

Does social support reduce distress caused by ostracism? It depends on the level of one's self-esteem

We hypothesized that the companionship of a close other would buffer the negative effect of ostracism for people with a strong sense of self-esteem. Participants were either included or ostracized during the experiment with the presence of a close other or a stranger. We measured the participants' self-esteem and feelings about the ostracism or inclusion experience. Consistent with our predictions, participants accompanied by a close other were less threatened by the ostracism experience than those accompanied by a stranger; furthermore, the buffering effect of a social companion on ostracism was more apparent among participants high in self-esteem but not among those low in self-esteem. The implications of these findings for ostracism research were discussed.     

Site preference of refractory elements in γ′-Ni3Al alloyed with Ru

The influence of ruthenium (Ru) on the partitioning behavior of W, Re and Cr in γ′-Ni₃Al has been studied using the Dmol3 method based on the density functional theory. The calculated results show that W, Re and Cr have a preference for the Ni site in γ′-Ni₃Al alloyed with Ru. When Ru substitutes the central Ni atom, the site preference for W, Re and Cr varies. Furthermore, an electronic structure analysis of the alloy in terms of the Mulliken population and partial density of states was performed to elucidate the alloying mechanism of Ru in γ′-Ni₃Al. The results show that the strengthening effect of Ru in the alloy arises from a reduction in the binding energy of Ru as well as p-orbital hybridization between Ru and the host atoms.     

口腔种植诊疗实践中的思考

口腔种植现已经出现在人们的视线里,它具有一定的特殊性和优越性,能够解决常规修复手段不能解决的问题,然而在临床应用中,需要考虑和处理的问题往往很复杂.因此有必要在临床实践中运用辩证思维及循证医学的思想,在诊断中全面考虑、周密计划;在治疗中处理问题、解决难点;在随访中发现问题,促进发展.     

大型综合性医院手术室统筹及加快周转的措施

科学的统筹规划、紧凑有序的接台管理,能够更好地服务患者,提高医院工作效率.探索大型综合性医院手术室合理有效地安排手术、加快手术周转的措施.讨论如何有效利用手术室的物资和人力资源,进行全盘科学的筹划,抓住关键环节,合理安排工序.进而成功破除制约手术科室的瓶颈,大大提高了手术科室的效率.     

音乐节奏和共餐人数对就餐时间的影响

本实验采用现场实验研究的方法,对不同音乐节奏和共餐人数条件下大学生就餐时间的差异进行了分析。结果表明:(1)总的来说,音乐节奏对就餐时间的主效应是显著的,快节奏音乐下的就餐时间少于慢节奏下的就餐时间;(2)单人组被试就餐时间显著快于多人组被试共餐时间;(3)音乐节奏和共餐人数对就餐时间存在交互作用;(4)在单人就餐时音乐节奏对就餐时间的效应是显著的,而多人共餐则没有这种效应或效应不显著。     

Intergroup trust and reciprocity in strategic interactions: Effects of group decision-making mechanisms

I examined the impact of the consensus-making mechanism, where members reach a common decision via an intra-group discussion, on intergroup trust and reciprocity in a strategic setting. Data from a trust game generated the following results. First, compared to individual decision-makers, consensus groups exhibited (a) lower psychological trust, (b) higher behavioral trust, after controlling for psychological trust, and (c) lower reciprocity. Second, compared to decisions made by group-representatives, who are responsible for unilateral decisions on behalf of their groups, group consensus decisions were more trusting but less reciprocating. Thus, the specific decision-making mechanism adopted by groups in a strategic interaction may profoundly change the nature and the interplay of the interaction. Lastly, results show that the level of behavioral trust is driven by reciprocity expectations, while the level of reciprocity behavior, measured as a proportion of the trust received, does not change systematically with the level of trust experienced.     

状态相似性与流量限制模型

在可能世界语义中,如果根据是否含有模态算子而将一个点上为真的公式分为两类,那么可以认为不含模态算子的公式描述的是当前点的信息,其它公式描述的是其它点的信息,以及当前点与其它点的关系。通过对不同点上命题真值指派的比较,我们可以在可能世界语义模型上定义出一种状态相似性。本文构造了三类刻画状态相似性的模型,并给出了分别刻画其中两类模型的完全的系统。本文最后讨论这些模型在时态逻辑和信念逻辑中的应用。     

完美主义心理研究的历史和现状

完美主义(perfecrionism)心理是《心理障碍诊断与统计手册》(DSM-Ⅲ)的重要的诊断标准之一,被认为参与多种心理障碍的形成与发展。但是长期以来,对于完美主义心理缺少精确的定义和量化研究。上世纪八十年代以来,在欧美的心理咨询和资质优异教育领域,这种心理愈来愈被看作是与个体的心理健康及创造力息息相关的人格特质,并且已普遍承认这种特质是多维度、多侧面的。本文追溯了完美主义心理研究的历史渊源。介绍了完美主义心理研究的现状和进展。     

广义自身心理学人格发展理论述评

自身是人格的核心,其发展取决于个体遗传特征与自身对象环境的相互作用.如果自身对象人格健全,就能满足个体的自身对象需要,自身对象在满足个体自身对象需要方面不可避免的疏忽只会使个体遭受适度挫折,适度挫折促使个体通过变形性内化获得原来由自身对象为其行使的心理功能,从而形成自身结构.使自身--自身对象关系从原始走向成熟.广义自身心理学的人格发展理论超越了古典精神分析、自我心理学和对象关系理论的人格发展观,但过分强调早期自身对象关系对人格发展的决定作用,忽视个体遗传特征和社会文化因素对人格发展的影响.