Self-Esteem,Perceived Stress,and Gender During Adolescence: Interactive Links to Different Types of Interpersonal Relationships

The goal of this study was to analyze the relationships between self-esteem, perceived stress, the quality of different types of interpersonal relationships, and gender in adolescents. This study used a sample of 1614 adolescent high school students and robust data analytic techniques to test the proposed relationships. The results partially supported the initial hypothesis in that perceived stress mediated the relationships between self-esteem and four of the types of interpersonal relationships (i.e., same-sex peer relationships, opposite-sex peer relationships, parent–child relationships, and teacher–student relationships) and moderated the relationship between self-esteem and same-sex peer relationships. In addition, a moderated role of gender was also partially supported in that perceived stress mediated the relationships between self-esteem and same-sex peer relationships, opposite-sex peer relationships, and the parent–child relationship for girls, but not boys. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that perceived stress plays an intervening role in the relationship between self-esteem and different types of interpersonal relationships and that gender seems to be a moderator for some of the patterns of the relationships between these variables. These findings are discussed in light of the possible mechanisms by which the variables could influence each other. Implications for theory and practice as well as some directions for future research were also suggested.     

Desire: The unfolding of the other

The Confucian classic the Liji 禮記 defines ‘desire’ as ‘the arousal of nature’. In line with this classical definition, Dai Zhen 戴震 (1724–1777) sees desire as human nature in activation. However, while the Liji ascribes human deceits and debauchery to the susceptibility of human nature, Dai Zhen speaks highly of its responsiveness and receptivity. This article discusses Dai Zhen’s conception of desire and argues that Dai Zhen distinguishes himself from other Confucian moral thinkers by bringing to light the dimension of the Other in addressing the issue of desire. As the Confucian tradition has long been disturbed by an anxiety to keep desire in check, Dai Zhen draws our attention to how to cultivate the affective faculty inherent in human nature to develop our sensitivity to the needs and desires of others, especially those of the widow, the orphan, the solitary, the sick, and the weak.     

先秦诸子音乐美学思想比较

春秋末年至战国末年,由于社会制度大变动,政治经济大发展,士大夫阶层空前壮大。他们纷纷著书立说,互相辩难,形成百家争鸣的局面。这一时期音乐美学思想也极为活跃。儒、道、墨、法、阴阳、杂各家先后提出了自己的音乐美学思想,各家内部既有继承,又有改造、发展,各家之间既有相互辩难,又有所交融。将诸子音乐美学思想加以比较,找出他们之间的异同,可以清晰地看出先秦诸子音乐美学思想的脉络,又可以更好地理解、继承先秦时期的思想家们留给我们的精神文化遗产。     

Dabrowski的人格发展理论及其对超常教育的启示

Dabrowski侧重于从情感结构变化的角度阐释人格的发展,并指出,资质超常和创造力旺盛的个体表现为情感等方面的“极度兴奋性”,这些兴奋性是促使人格发展到较高级阶段的内在动力。该文对Dabrowski的人格发展理论进行介绍和分析,并探讨这种理论对超常教育的启示     

老年人孝顺期待与亲子间的社会支持

老年人的孝顺期待是老年父母对成年子女孝顺的期望程度。本研究通过对288名老年人的调查,探讨了老年人孝顺期待的相关因素以及孝顺期待与老年人亲子间社会支持的关系。研究发现：(1)当前老年人孝顺期待与居住地区之间有显著的关系。城镇老年人孝顺期待水平显著高于农村老年人;(2)当前老年人孝顺期待与老年人接受子女社会支持的各个维度普遍存在显著的正相关关系。回归分析表明孝顺期待能够显著地预测老年人接受子女的社会支持。     

儿童心目中的友好行为及其年龄发展趋

通过开放式问卷、自我评价等方法对小学、初中儿童心目中的友好行为及其年龄发展趋势进行考察.结果表明,关系的纳入在儿童心目中的友好行为中占主导地位,达54.14%,通常意义上的亲社会行为只占20.24%,将友好行为与亲社会行为的概念区分开来是非常必要的.友好行为的年龄发展趋是:从4年级到6年级,三类友好行为的自评分数均呈上升趋势,从6年级到8年级呈下降趋势.     

小学教师科学素养的调查研究

为了解大连地区小学教师科学素养的现状,采用自编调查问卷对265名大连市城乡小学教师进行了调查研究。结果表明:1)本、专科学历小学教师的科学素养明显高于中专学历的教师;2)小学教师较好地掌握了小学水平的科学知识,但对中学以上水平的科学知识掌握较差;3)教师的科学素养水平没有表现出随教龄的增长而提高。     

对病毒性传染病强势崛起的医学省思

病毒性传染病的迅猛崛起,正式宣告了"后传染病时代"的终结.当今医学理论的高端化和滞后的临床治疗体系的严重不对称,导致了当代医学极为被动的局面.因此,应认真构建新的临床治疗体系,保证医学均衡发展.病毒与人的冲突,实质上是人自身制造的一场严重的生态危机,人类必须全面审视病毒,从深层次上重新调整人与大自然的关系,在新的理性平台上放逐自己的善行,以与大自然实行根本的和解.     

Influence of simple action on subsequent manual and ocular responses

Recent investigations into how action affects perception have revealed an interesting “action effect”—that is, simply acting upon an object enhances its processing in subsequent tasks. The previous studies, however, relied only on manual responses, allowing an alternative stimulus-response binding account of the effect. The current study examined whether the action effect occurs in the presence of changes in response modalities. In Experiment 1, participants completed a modified action effect paradigm, in which they first produced an arbitrary manual response to a shape and then performed a visual search task in which the previous shape was either a valid or invalid cue—responding with a manual or saccadic response. In line with previous studies, the visual search was faster when the shape was a valid cue but only if the shape had been acted upon. Critically, this action effect emerged similarly in both the manual and ocular response conditions. This cross-modality action effect was successfully replicated in Experiment 2, and analysis of eye movement trajectories further revealed similar action effect patterns on direction and numerosity. These results rule out the stimulus-response binding account of the action effect and suggest that it indeed occurs at an attentional level.     

Regarding a Risk‐Pooling System of compensation

In this paper, I propose and defend a distinct and novel approach to compensation for risk impositions. I call it the Risk‐Pooling System of compensation. This system suggests that when X performs an action that imposes a risk of harm to Y, then X is liable to Y, and is therefore obliged to make an ex ante compensation that is roughly equivalent to the expected cost of potential harm to a social‐ risk pool. If and when Y suffers harm as a result of the risk imposed by X, they then receive an ex post compensation roughly equivalent to the cost of actual harm suffered. This system of compensation creates a social buffer between the risk imposer – the one who has the duty to pay compensation into the pool – and the victim – the one who has the right to receive compensation from the social pool. I contend that the Risk‐Pooling System is an improvement over its alternatives due to its capacity to produce the best social utilities, particularly, in terms of reducing information costs, obtaining optimal deterrence in the society and creating incentives for people to be engaged in social activities.