价值计算决定何时与如何努力

优化努力的分配,最小化努力成本和最大化收益是各个领域的关键问题。本文梳理了基于努力的决策(effort-based decision-making)的理论与实证研究,讨论了努力的两面性：固有成本和潜在价值。通过拓展控制期望价值理论(Expected Value of Control, EVC),本研究探讨了影响努力的非社会与社会因素。探索人们何时以及如何付出努力的计算神经机制,有利于理解与促进社会互动中的努力行为,以及为干预精神疾病中动机缺失症状提供参考。     

汉字失读的类型与意义

本研究依据汉字的语言学特点,采用现代认知神经心理学方法。揭示出汉字失读的一些特性。汉字失读可由形、音、义三者正常联系的破坏而产生形音式失读和形义式失读。汉字失读也可因汉字本身的语言学特点而产生特有的会意式失读和复合式失读。与拼音文字失读类型类比,汉字失读存在着类似但又具有其独特性质的表层失读和深层失读。     

损毁下丘脑弓状核、中缝背核和蓝斑对大鼠应激镇痛的影响

本文用不能躲避的间歇脚底电刺激引起大鼠应激,用电刺激鼠尾-嘶叫法测定镇痛效应,研究下丘脑弓状核(脑内β-内啡肽能神经元胞体集中的部位)、中缝背核(脑内5-羟色胺能神经元胞体主要集中的部位之一)和蓝斑(脑内去甲肾上腺素能神经元胞体主要集中的部位之一)与应激镇痛的关系。 用新生大鼠腹腔注射谷氨酸-钠的方法损毁弓状核后,用海人酸和电解两种方法损毁中缝背核或蓝斑后,应激镇痛效应均明显减弱。由于谷氨酸-钠和海人酸只选择性地损毁神经元胞体,故认为脑内的β-内啡肽能神经元、5-羟色胺能神经元和去甲肾上腺素能神经元均参与应激的行为镇痛。     

王充心理学思想新论——兼议中国古代心理学思想史研究方法

本文试图寻求一种新的研究模式,来探索王充的心理学思想。这个模式主要包括两个方法论原则,即:(一)置于思想群系的原则;(二)依据自身逻辑的原则。在这一研究模式引导下,作者发现“唯实唯验”是王充心理学思想的基点。并由此推论出(一)王充心理学思想的本质是“心理即力”;(二)其特征是“心理外显”,而这两者是分别体现在他的人论和心论的思想之中。     

Lessons on the utilization of research from nine case experiences in the natural hazards field

Research-funding organizations and research investigators can take several steps to improve the utilization of scientific research. These steps were derived from nine case studies of research projects in the natural hazards field, representing three academic fields of study: physical science, social science, and architecture. The case studies investigated the extent to which these projects corroborated the conditions associated with specific theories of research utilization. Following a replication research design, the cross-case conclusions were that greater utilization will result where research investigators and users maintain a rich set of professional communications over time, leading to research that is: academically excellent, addresses practical problems, can be modified in the early stages to be responsive to users’ needs, and produces usable products. Robert K. Yin is President of COSMOS Corporation, which specializes in both social science research and in information systems development. Dr. Yin also serves as a visiting professor, department of Computer Science and Information Systems, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016. Gwendolyn B. Moore is a senior manager for Nolan, Norton, & Co., an information technology affiliate of Peat Marwick. She specializes in information technology and strategic planning projects, and holds an MBA in Business Policy from the University of Massachusetts.     

THE EFFECT OF QUALITY CIRCLE INITIATION ON MOTIVATION TO ATTEND QUALITY CIRCLE MEETINGS AND ON TASK PERFORMANCE

The motivation to attend quality circle (QC) meetings and the task performance of 47 quality circles over a three-year period were examined as a function of quality circle initiation (self- vs. management-initiated) in a field study. Motivation to attend meetings was operationally defined as the number of members per QC (QC size) and the attendance rate at QC meetings. Task performance reflected the number of projects completed and the amount of time required to complete the project. The results of a MANOVA suggested that QC initiation had significant impacts on motivation to attend meetings in that self-initiated QCs had more QC members than had management-initiated QCs. Further, management-initiated QCs solved more work-related problems and solved their problems significantly faster than did self-initiated QCs. The effect of QC initiation on the number of projects completed failed to reach significance, however, when QC size was controlled as a covariate. Further, a high attendance rate at QC meetings was associated with a low quantity of projects completed in self-initiated QCs and a slow speed of problem solving in management-initiated QCs. Some implications related to the effectiveness of QCs are discussed.     

Temporal Coding in Pavlovian Conditioning: Hall-Pearce Negative Transfer

The Hall-Pearce (1979) negative transfer effect in rats was used to examine whether temporal relationships are coded as part of the informational content of associations that result from CS-US pairings. The transfer effect consists of adeficit in conditioned responding following CS-US pairings in Phase 2 that results from prior CS-US pairings in Phase 1. strong weak Using conditioned bar-press suppression, we found that gaps of different duration between CS termination and US onset in the two training phases resulted in less of a Hall-Pearce negative transfer effect than did an equivalent gap in the twotraining phases. The results are discussed with respect tothe temporal coding hypothesis (Matzel, Held, &Miller, 1988), the Pearce and Hall (1980) model, and Bouton's (1993) interference model.     

Transitions in sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the effects of peer victimization

Adolescence is a developmental period with high vulnerability to sleep problems. However, research identifying distinct patterns and underlying determinants of sleep problems is scarce. This study investigated discrete subgroups of, changes in, and stability of sleep problems. We also examined whether peer victimization influenced sleep problem subgroups and transitions in patterns of sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood. Sex differences in the effects of peer victimization were also explored. In total, 1,455 male and 1,399 female adolescents from northern Taiwan participated in this longitudinal study. Latent transition analysis was used to examine changes in patterns of sleep problems and the effects of peer victimization on these changes. We identified three subgroups of sleep problems in males and two in females, and found that there was a certain level of instability in patterns of sleep problems during the study period. For both sexes, those with greater increases in peer victimization over time were more likely to change from being a good sleeper to a poor sleeper. The effects of peer victimization on baseline status of sleep problems, however, was only significant for males, with those exposed to higher levels of peer victimization more likely to be poor sleepers at baseline. Our findings reveal an important role of peer victimization in predicting transitions in patterns of sleep problems. Intervention programs aimed at decreasing peer victimization may help reduce the development and escalation of sleep problems among adolescents, especially in males.

     

Testing domain general learning in an Australian lizard

A key question in cognition is whether animals that are proficient in a specific cognitive domain (domain specific hypothesis), such as spatial learning, are also proficient in other domains (domain general hypothesis) or whether there is a trade-off. Studies testing among these hypotheses are biased towards mammals and birds. To understand constraints on the evolution of cognition more generally, we need broader taxonomic and phylogenetic coverage. We used Australian eastern water skinks (Eulamprus quoyii) with known spatial learning ability in three additional tasks: an instrumental and two discrimination tasks. Under domain specific learning we predicted that lizards that were good at spatial learning would perform less well in the discrimination tasks. Conversely, we predicted that lizards that did not meet our criterion for spatial learning would likewise perform better in discrimination tasks. Lizards with domain general learning should perform approximately equally well (or poorly) in these tasks. Lizards classified as spatial learners performed no differently to non-spatial learners in both the instrumental and discrimination learning tasks. Nevertheless, lizards were proficient in all tasks. Our results reveal two patterns: domain general learning in spatial learners and domain specific learning in non-spatial learners. We suggest that delineating learning into domain general and domain specific may be overly simplistic and we need to instead focus on individual variation in learning ability, which ultimately, is likely to play a key role in fitness. These results, in combination with previously published work on this species, suggests that this species has behavioral flexibility because they are competent across multiple cognitive domains and are capable of reversal learning.