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951.
DM Lewis D Conroy-Beam L Al-Shawaf A Raja T Dekay DM Buss 《Evolutionary psychology》2011,9(4):543-563
During human evolution, men and women faced distinct adaptive problems, including pregnancy, hunting, childcare, and warfare. Due to these sex-linked adaptive problems, natural selection would have favored psychological mechanisms that oriented men and women toward forming friendships with individuals possessing characteristics valuable for solving these problems. The current study explored sex-differentiated friend preferences and the psychological design features of same- and opposite-sex friendship in two tasks. In Task 1, participants (N = 121) categorized their same-sex friends (SSFs) and opposite-sex friends (OSFs) according to the functions these friends serve in their lives. In Task 2, participants designed their ideal SSFs and OSFs using limited budgets that forced them to make trade-offs between the characteristics they desire in their friends. In Task 1, men, more than women, reported maintaining SSFs for functions related to athleticism and status enhancement and OSFs for mating opportunities. In Task 2, both sexes prioritized agreeableness and dependability in their ideal SSFs, but men prioritized physical attractiveness in their OSFs, whereas women prioritized economic resources and physical prowess. These findings suggest that friend preferences may have evolved to solve ancestrally sex-linked adaptive problems, and that opposite-sex friendship may directly or indirectly serve mating functions. 相似文献
952.
953.
Previous research has shown that sounds facilitate perception of visual patterns appearing immediately after the sound but
impair perception of patterns appearing after some delay. Here we examined the spatial gradient of the fast crossmodal facilitation
effect and the slow inhibition effect in order to test whether they reflect separate mechanisms. We found that crossmodal
facilitation is only observed at visual field locations overlapping with the sound, whereas crossmodal inhibition affects
the whole hemifield. Furthermore, we tested whether multisensory perceptual learning with misaligned audio-visual stimuli
reshapes crossmodal facilitation and inhibition. We found that training shifts crossmodal facilitation towards the trained
location without changing its range. By contrast, training narrows the range of inhibition without shifting its position.
Our results suggest that crossmodal facilitation and inhibition reflect separate mechanisms that can both be reshaped by multisensory
experience even in adult humans. Multisensory links seem to be more plastic than previously thought. 相似文献
954.
Although facial expressions are thought to vary in their functional impact on perceivers, experimental demonstration of the differential effects of facial expressions on behavior are lacking. In the present study, we examined the effects of exposure to facial expressions on visual search efficiency. Participants (n = 31) searched for a target in a 12 location circle array after exposure to an angry, disgusted, fearful, happy, or neutral facial expression for 100 ms or 500 ms. Consistent with predictions, exposure to a fearful expression prior to visual search resulted in faster target identification compared to exposure to other facial expressions. The effects of other facial expressions on visual search did not differ from each other. The fear facilitating effect on visual search efficiency was observed at 500-ms but not at 100-ms presentations, suggesting a specific temporal course of the facilitation. Subsequent analysis also revealed that individual differences in fear of negative evaluation, trait anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms possess a differential pattern of association with visual search efficiency. The experimental and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
955.
Taverniers J Smeets T Lo Bue S Syroit J Van Ruysseveldt J Pattyn N von Grumbkow J 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):332-343
The present field experiment examined how multi-trial visuo-spatial learning and memory performance are impacted by excessive
arousal, instigated by a potentially life-threatening event (i.e., a first parachute jump). Throughout a parachute training
activity, subjective and neuroendocrine (i.e., cortisol) stress levels were assessed of 61 male military cadets who were randomly
assigned to a control (n = 30) or a jump stress condition (n = 31). Post-stress learning and memory capacity was assessed with a 10-trial path-learning task that permitted emergence
of learning curves. Pre-activity cortisol concentrations indicated a significant neuroendocrine anticipatory stress response
in the stress group. Following parachuting, subjective stress levels and salivary cortisol reactivity differed significantly
between groups. Visuo-spatial path-learning performance was impaired significantly after jump stress exposure, relative to
the control group. Moreover, examination of the learning curves showed similar learning and memory performance at onset of
the trials, with curves bifurcating as the task became more complex. These findings are in accordance with leading theories
that acknowledge a moderating effect of task complexity. In sum, the present study extends knowledge concerning anticipatory
stress effects, endogenously instigated cortisol reactivity, and the influence of extreme arousal on visuo-spatial path learning. 相似文献
956.
This article describes the development of a test for measuring the intelligibility of speech in noise for the Spanish language,
similar to the test developed by Kalikow, Stevens, and Elliot (Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 5, 1337–1360, 1977) for the English language. The test consists of six forms, each comprising 25 high-predictability (HP) sentences and 25 low-predictability
(LP) sentences. The sentences were used in a perceptual task to assess their intelligibility in babble noise across three
different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions in a sample of 474 normal-hearing listeners. The results showed that the
listeners obtained higher scores of intelligibility for HP sentences than for LP sentences, and the scores were lower for
the higher SNRs, as was expected. The final six forms were equivalent in intelligibility and phonetic content. 相似文献
957.
Vidal-Abarca E Martinez T Salmerón L Cerdán R Gilabert R Gil L Mañá A Llorens AC Ferris R 《Behavior research methods》2011,43(1):179-192
We present an application to study task-oriented reading processes called Read&Answer. The application mimics paper-and-pencil
situations in which a reader interacts with one or more documents to perform a specific task, such as answering questions,
writing an essay, or similar activities. Read&Answer presents documents and questions with a mask. The reader unmasks documents
and questions so that only a piece of information is available at a time. This way the entire interaction between the reader
and the documents on the task is recorded and can be analyzed. We describe Read&Answer and present its applications for research
and assessment. Finally, we explain two studies that compare readers’ performance on Read&Answer with students’ reading times
and comprehension levels on a paper-and-pencil task, and on a computer task recorded with eye-tracking. The use of Read&Answer
produced similar comprehension scores, although it changed the pattern of reading times. 相似文献
958.
959.
Easterners tend to process information more holistically than Westerners. Kim and Markman (J Exp Soc Psychol 42(3):350–364,
2006) suggest that these differences are rooted in higher chronic levels of Fear of Isolation (FOI) for those cultures that process
information more holistically. The goal of this study was to determine if these differences and their suggested cause could
be found with two different Western cultures. Testing Italian (IT) and US American (US) adults, we found that IT participants
processed information more holistically and had a higher chronic level of FOI than US participants; furthermore, the manipulation
of FOI affected context sensitivity more for IT than for US participants. The results demonstrate that IT participants were
more similar to previous research with Eastern populations than with Western populations (Kim and Markman in J Exp Soc Psychol
42(3):350–364, 2006) and indicate a within-Western culture difference for reasoning styles and support the hypothesis that this difference is
due to different chronic levels of FOI. 相似文献
960.
In this paper we show that attachment height (high vs. low attachment) of a modifier to a complex noun phrase (CNP; e.g., "the servant of the actress"), can be primed between dissimilar syntactic structures. In a sentence completion experiment, we found that the attachment height of a prepositional phrase (PP) in the prime sentence primed the attachment height of a relative clause (RC) in the target sentence. This cross-structural priming effect cannot be explained in terms of the priming of specific phrase-structure rules or even sequences of specific phrase-structure rules (Scheepers, 2003), because the attachment of a PP to a CNP is generated by a different phrase-structure rule than the attachment of an RC. However, the present data suggest that the location at which the RC is attached to the CNP is mentally represented, independent of the specific phrase-structure rule that is attached, or by extension, that the abstract hierarchical configuration of the full CNP and the attached RC is represented (Desmet & Declercq, 2006). This is the first demonstration of a cross-structural priming effect that cannot be captured by phrase-structure rules. 相似文献