补偿成才

骨折痊愈之后生成的骨痴，其牢靠程度甚于正常骨骼；手术切除一个肾之后，另一个肾的体积使异常增大；鼠疫过后，老鼠的繁殖能力显著增强；每逢大规模战争，由于男子数量锐减，战后胎儿的性别比率就会发生神秘变化：男胎数量显著增多．盲人的听觉、嗅觉和触觉格外发达．失去双臂的少年上能用脚写一笔好字。凡此种种，可谓生理、生物学上奇妙的补偿现象。有趣的是，灿若繁星的名家中，许多人往往双瑜并见，他们辉煌的业绩背后，伴随着的是盲、聋、跋、瘫、疾，政治上的失意，考场上的落榜，家道中落，情场失恋，不一而足。不朽的音乐大师贝多…     

金点子档案(1)

曾经成功地指导雀巢公司度过经济危机的世界著名公关策划专家帕根曾说：“我是用智慧挽救了雀巢。”他的智慧就是一系列开拓市场的金点子。在市场风云变幻中，无数的金点子脱颖而出，它既给企业带来了财富，也给人们以思维和智慧的启迪。一细一托福鼎泽东。＿一毛泽东，一代伟人。春汽车司机纷纷悬挂毛泽东像以镇邪恶，点子专家计上心来：产品开发何不托毛泽东的福？某地表厂，名气不扬，后突然在香港发迹，港人纷纷争购该厂产品，以致土气大振，经济效益腾飞。原因何在？原来厂家采纳了“托福毛泽东”的点子，策划了“毛泽东纪念表”的开发…     

让错误结一个芳香的果

在泰戈尔的哲理诗中，青一首格外引入关注：“当你把所育的错误都关在门外，真理也就被拒绝了。”说的真她！因为，这充满哲理的小诗分明在昭示着一条真理：苦涩的错误也能结出芳香的果。笔者就听说过这样一个故事：一家卖钢琴的商店，在标价时把一架钢琴的价格写错了，少写了一个零。编编有位气古怪的太太看中了这架琴，非要按这个价格买琴，怎么办？如果实，明明是哑巴吃黄莲，白赔一笔；如果不实，价目卡上又分明大字赫然，一旦发生争执，肯定会弄得双方都尴尬。营业员正在犯愁、聪明的老板已断然决定：“卖！”而目在卖出钢琴的同时，老…     

身体姿式在表义方面的跨文化研究

在两项研究中,我们检验了用以判断姿式的维度结构的跨文化的适用性。在研究一中,686名日本被试用16个在意义上相差5个点的量表项目对40种姿式的表达进行了评定。被试在假设的双重情景中推断出一个编码人对自身(即对被试解码)的态度。一个主要成分的因素分析为三个独立的维度提供了证据,这三个独立维度与施洛斯伯格(1954)、奥斯古德(1966)和威廉姆斯与桑德恩(1965)所提出的类似。这三种因素被称为自我满足因素、人际间的积极因素和人际意识因素。在研究二中,336个日本学生用16个相差5个点的项目对40种姿式表达再度进行了评定,但对假设的编码人的身份试图加以控制。这项研究基本上重复了研究一的结果。有趣的是虽然我们发现了与西方所做的研究中相同的因素,但在我们的研究中,因素的顺序与以前的研究正好相反。本文对这些发现在维持人类关系中根据所提出的文化差异进行了讨论。     

具攻击性而被排斥儿童所关心的事情

近来有关同伴排斥行为基础的研究,强调把攻击性作为决定儿童在同伴团体中地位低下的一个因素.被排斥儿童有许多子群,除攻击性被研究过外,其它子群还没有得到研究.本文将讨论一个在中学进行的研究.它把被排斥的学生分成两组:一组为高攻击性组,另一组为易被驱使组.在研究中,我们使用了由Asher、Hymel和Renshaw(1984)发展起来的测量孤独和社会不满(Social dissatisfaction)的方法.     

Effects of reinforcer delays on choice as a function of income level

Three rats earned their daily food ration by responding during individual trials either on a lever that delivered one food pellet immediately or on a second lever that delivered three pellets after a delay that was continuously adjusted to ensure substantial responding to both alternatives. Choice of the delayed reinforcer increased when the number of trials per session was reduced. This result suggests that models seeking closure on choice effects must include a parameter reflecting how preference changes with sessionwide income. Moreover, models positing that reinforcer probability and immediacy (1/delay) function equivalently in choice are called into question by the finding that probability and immediacy produce opposing effects when income level is changed.     

甘岑的自然演绎演算

迄今为止,我们所主要讨论的逻辑演算,即用公理方法处理的狭谓词演算,标志着把数学方法运用于逻辑获得了显著的成功。这种演算的形式上的简易是令人称道的,从纯粹数学的观点看,它可以同公理化的射影几何及抽象群论这一类数学观念的完满体现的学科相媲美。此外,作为应用于研究演绎系     

Functional classes and equivalence relations

Three adult subjects were taught a set of two-choice simultaneous discriminations, with three positive and three negative stimuli; all possible combinations of positive and negative stimuli yielded nine different pairs. The discriminations were repeatedly reversed and rereversed, the former positive stimuli becoming negative and the former negative stimuli becoming positive. With all subjects, a reversal of the contingencies for one pair of stimuli became sufficient to change their responses to all of the other pairs. The reversals had produced functional stimulus classes. Then, all subjects showed conditional discriminations emerging between members of a functional class; given a sample from one class and comparisons from both classes, they selected the comparison that was in the same class as the sample. Next, 2 of the subjects showed that the within-class conditional relations possessed the symmetric and transitive properties of equivalence relations; after having been taught to relate new stimuli to existing class members, the subjects then matched other class members to the new stimuli. Subsequent tests of two-choice discriminations showed that the conditional discriminations had transferred functional class membership to the new stimuli. The 3rd subject, who did not show equivalence relations among functional class members, was also found to have lost the within-class conditional relations after the equivalence tests.