呼图白集(续十四)

祖勒·希哲第四讲关于我们的领袖欧麦尔·本·哈塔布的遇害赞美安拉——独一无二的主,绝无伙伴与之同为主宰的主,精妙卓绝地造化并供养人类的主,完善其所做一切的开天辟地的主。他是惩恶的主,施益子人的主:他若意欲,可惩治其奴仆;他若意欲,亦可使之获益。     

关于自我节制问题

自我节制现象,在人们的社会存在中以及在人们相互关系体系中占重要地位。自我节制是人的精神本质与道德人文本质的最重要表现之一,是人的存在和社会精神生活的一个必不可少的组成部分。然而,自我节制问题,在我国的文献中还没有得到应有的研究。 实际上,自我节制问题在哲学—伦理学思想的全部历史中,具有极为重要的作用,它是整个伦理学体系所围绕的中心。它绝不仅仅是宗教禁欲主义体系所特有的。可以完全有把握地说,所有纯理性主义的道德学说无论如何都基于自我节制的思想。     

知识的分析

知识论其实是两个理论:一个理论说明知识是什么,另一个理论则回答我们是否有任何知识的问题。第一个理论旨在定义或分析事实知识的概念,即不同于对人或对地点的知识或不同于实际技能知识之知识的概念。在这个分析或定义过程中,也说明知识概念和信念、真理及证明概念之间的联系。第二个理论是对哲学怀疑论的回答,哲学怀疑论是对合理的信念、知识和科学的可能性的抽象地建立     

Electronic maps for terminal area navigation: effects of frame of reference and dimensionality

Two experiments are reported that contrast rotating versus fixed electronic map displays, which pilots used for a simulated approach to a landing. In Experiment 1, a rotating versus fixed-map display was experimentally crossed with a two-dimensional (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) view (perspective map) as pilots' ability to maintain the flight path and demonstrate awareness of the location of surrounding terrain features were assessed. Rotating displays supported better flight path guidance and did not substantially harm performance on terrain awareness tasks. 3D displays led to a substantial cost for vertical control but did not differ from 2D displays in lateral control. In Experiment 2, pilots flew with the rotating 2D display and with an improved version of the rotating 3D display, designed to reduce the ambiguity of representing altitude information. Vertical control improved as a result of the 3D display design improvement, but lateral control did not. The results are discussed in terms of the costs and benefits of presenting information in 3D, ego-referenced format for both flight path control and terrain awareness.     

The effects of a sportsmanship curriculum intervention on generalized positive social behavior of urban elementary school students

This study evaluated the effects of an elementary physical education curriculum in which development of positive social skills, including leadership and conflict-resolution behaviors, was the primary focus. A second goal was to determine possible generalization effects beyond the primary intervention setting. Students in two urban elementary physical education classes served as subjects, with a third class used as a comparison. The effects of the curriculum intervention were evaluated in the training setting and in the students' regular education classrooms using a multiple baseline across classrooms design. Results showed (a) an immediate increase in student leadership and independent conflict-resolution behaviors, (b) an increase in percentage of class time devoted to activity participation, and (c) decreases in the frequency of student off-task behavior and percentage of class time that students devoted to organizational tasks. Similar changes in student behavior were also observed in the regular classroom settings.     

试论蒙古族哲学思想史的若干特点

蒙古族有没有自己独特的哲学思维和思想,有没有别具风格的哲学概念范畴和气派,有没有由这些思想和范畴构筑的体系,这是研究蒙古族哲学思想史时不能不思考的重要课题,也是探索蒙哲史发展规律和特点时必须回答的根本问题。     

Pausing under variable-ratio schedules: Interaction of reinforcer magnitude, variable-ratio size, and lowest ratio

Pigeons pecked a key under two-component multiple variable-ratio schedules that offered 8-s or 2-s access to grain. Postreinforcement pausing and the rates of responding following the pause (run rates) in each component were measured as a function of variable-ratio size and the size of the lowest ratio in the configuration of ratios comprising each schedule. In one group of subjects, variable-ratio size was varied while the size of the lowest ratio was held constant. In a second group, the size of the lowest ratio was varied while variable-ratio size was held constant. For all subjects, the mean duration of postreinforcement pausing increased in the 2-s component but not in the 8-s component. Postreinforcement pauses increased with increases in variable-ratio size (Group 1) and with increases in the lowest ratio (Group 2). In both groups, run rates were slightly higher in the 8-s component than in the 2-s component. Run rates decreased slightly as variable-ratio size increased, but were unaffected by increases in the size of the lowest ratio. These results suggest that variable-ratio size, the size of the lowest ratio, and reinforcer magnitude interact to determine the duration of postreinforcement pauses.     

论连贯性是真理的标准和本性

N.雷斯切尔在他的近期著作《真理连贯理论》一书中,强调了真理的标准问题和真理的本性问题的区别。近来,有人试图为理性的证明的连贯论辩护。在这种证明中,连贯性被认为是真理的标准(即下面所说的真理标准连贯论——译者),但是连贯性却不被认为是真理的本性(即下面所说的真理本性连贯论——译者)。本文中我要论证:连贯性作为真理的标准,的确能够衍推连贯性是真理的本性;证明的连贯论是正确的,所以真理的连贯论也是正确的。     

评新马克思主义者萨特尔和哈贝马斯

新马克思主义可以定义为马克思主义的最新阶段,它是一场与马克思思想有关的思想运动和政治运动。这里,我不可能对新马克思主义作全面介绍,甚至连粗略地勾画也不可能。我只想研究同萨特尔和哈贝马斯的改造尝试(指改造马克思主义的尝试——译者)有关的一些现象。我将说明,在他们那里,马克思主义进入了一个新阶段,这里,我试图探讨一下这一新阶段的规定性和重要性。