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61.
62.
Droit-Volet S Wearden J Delgado-Yonger M 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2007,97(4):246-264
This experiment investigated the effect of the short-term retention of duration on temporal discrimination in 5- and 8-year-olds, as well as in adults, by using an episodic temporal generalization task. In each age group, the participants' task was to compare two successive durations (a standard and a comparison duration) separated by a retention interval of 500ms, 5s, or 10s, with the order of presentation of these two durations being counterbalanced. The results revealed a shortening effect for the first presented stimulus in all of the age groups, although this was greater in the younger children, thereby indicating the presence of a negative time-order error. Furthermore, introducing a retention delay between the two durations did not produce a shortening effect but instead flattened the generalization gradient, especially in the younger children. However, this flattening of the generalization gradient with the retention delay was more marked between 500ms and 5s than between 5s and 10s. Thus, retaining the first duration in short-term memory during a task requiring the comparison of two successive durations reduced temporal discrimination accuracy and did so to a greater extent in the younger children. 相似文献
63.
Sylvie Naar-King Kathryn Wright Jeffrey T Parsons Maureen Frey Thomas Templin Steven Ondersma 《Health psychology》2006,25(5):648-652
The purpose of the study is to test constructs of the Transtheoretical Model for predicting unprotected intercourse in HIV-positive youths (ages 16-25 years). Questionnaires and interviews about sexual behavior, stage of change, self-efficacy, substance use, emotional distress, and social support were obtained from 60 HIV-positive youths. Path analysis, with standard errors determined by methods appropriate to small samples, suggested that self-efficacy completely mediated the relationship between stage of change and unprotected intercourse acts. Social support specific to reducing risk was associated with increased self-efficacy. Emotional distress and low general social support were not associated with decreased condom use. The path between substance use and decreased condom use approached significance. Results highlight the potential of prevention interventions that simultaneously boost self-efficacy and social support specific to practicing safer sex as well as those that reduce substance use. 相似文献
64.
The study examined factors associated with discrimination against gay people in a public referendum aimed at the restriction of gay rights. We tested whether positive and negative intergroup contact with gay people and intergroup contact with another stigmatized minority, the Roma, were associated with how the heterosexual majority voted in the referendum (i.e., discrimination). We tested two mechanisms underlying the link between intergroup contact and discrimination—the mediation by intergroup threat and the mediation by outgroup attitudes. We found that negative contact with both gay people and the Roma was associated with a higher probability of gay discrimination while positive contact was associated with a lower probability of gay discrimination. Intergroup threat, not intergroup attitudes, mediated the link between intergroup contact and discrimination. In the case of contact with gay people, intergroup contact was linked to discrimination through threat from gay people. In the case of contact with Roma, intergroup contact was linked to discrimination through the generalization of threats from the Roma to gay people but not via the generalization of outgroup attitudes. Our research brings novel evidence that contact with one minority can affect discrimination against another minority in both positive and negative way and that perceived threat, but not attitudes, plays a key role in majority's decision to discriminate against gay people. 相似文献
65.
Judith Charpentier Klara Kovarski Sylvie Roux Emmanuelle Houy-Durand Agathe Saby Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault Marianne Latinus Marie Gomot 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(4):748-763
Voices transmit social signals through speech and/or prosody. Emotional prosody conveys key information about the emotional state of a speaker and is thus a crucial cue that one has to detect in order to develop efficient social communication. Previous studies in adults reported different brain responses to emotional than to neutral prosodic deviancy. The aim of this study was to characterize such specific emotional deviancy effects in school-age children. The mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a evoked potentials, reflecting automatic change detection and automatic attention orienting, respectively, were obtained for neutral and emotional angry deviants in both school-age children (n = 26) and adults (n = 14). Shorter latencies were found for emotional than for neutral preattentional responses in both groups. However, whereas this effect was observed on the MMN in adults, it appeared in an early discriminative negativity preceding the MMN in children. A smaller P3a amplitude was observed for the emotional than for the neutral deviants at all ages. Overall, the brain responses involved in specific emotional change processing are already present during childhood, but responses have not yet reached an adult pattern. We suggest that these processing differences might contribute to the known improvement of emotional prosody perception between childhood and adulthood. 相似文献
66.
Esther Guillaume Erica Baranski Elysia Todd Brock Bastian Igor Bronin Christina Ivanova Joey T. Cheng François S. de Kock Jaap J. A. Denissen David Gallardo‐Pujol Peter Halama Gyuseog Q. Han Jaechang Bae Jungsoon Moon Ryan Y. Hong Martina Hřebíčková Sylvie Graf Paweł Izdebski Lars Lundmann Lars Penke Marco Perugini Giulio Costantini John Rauthmann Matthias Ziegler Anu Realo Liisalotte Elme Tatsuya Sato Shizuka Kawamoto Piotr Szarota Jessica L. Tracy Marcel A. G. van Aken Yu Yang David C. Funder 《Journal of personality》2016,84(4):493-509
The purpose of this research is to quantitatively compare everyday situational experience around the world. Local collaborators recruited 5,447 members of college communities in 20 countries, who provided data via a Web site in 14 languages. Using the 89 items of the Riverside Situational Q‐sort (RSQ), participants described the situation they experienced the previous evening at 7:00 p.m. Correlations among the average situational profiles of each country ranged from r = .73 to r = .95; the typical situation was described as largely pleasant. Most similar were the United States/Canada; least similar were South Korea/Denmark. Japan had the most homogenous situational experience; South Korea, the least. The 15 RSQ items varying the most across countries described relatively negative aspects of situational experience; the 15 least varying items were more positive. Further analyses correlated RSQ items with national scores on six value dimensions, the Big Five traits, economic output, and population. Individualism, Neuroticism, Openness, and Gross Domestic Product yielded more significant correlations than expected by chance. Psychological research traditionally has paid more attention to the assessment of persons than of situations, a discrepancy that extends to cross‐cultural psychology. The present study demonstrates how cultures vary in situational experience in psychologically meaningful ways. 相似文献
67.
Jais Adam-Troian Pascal Wagner-Egger Matt Motyl Thomas Arciszewski Roland Imhoff Felix Zimmer Olivier Klein Maria Babinska Adrian Bangerter Michal Bilewicz Nebojša Blanuša Kosta Bovan Rumena Bužarovska Aleksandra Cichocka Elif Çelebi Sylvain Delouvée Karen M. Douglas Asbjørn Dyrendal Biljana Gjoneska Sylvie Graf Estrella Gualda Gilad Hirschberger Anna Kende Peter Krekó Andre Krouwel Pia Lamberty Silvia Mari Jasna Milosevic Maria Serena Panasiti Myrto Pantazi Ljupcho Petkovski Giuseppina Porciello J. P. Prims André Rabelo Michael Schepisi Robbie M. Sutton Viren Swami Hulda Thórisdóttir Vladimir Turjačanin Iris Zezelj Jan-Willem van Prooijen 《Political psychology》2021,42(4):597-618
Research suggests that belief in conspiracy theories (CT) stems from basic psychological mechanisms and is linked to other belief systems (e.g., religious beliefs). While previous research has extensively examined individual and contextual variables associated with CT beliefs, it has not yet investigated the role of culture. In the current research, we tested, based on a situated cultural cognition perspective, the extent to which culture predicts CT beliefs. Using Hofstede's model of cultural values, three nation-level analyses of data from 25, 19, and 18 countries using different measures of CT beliefs (Study 1, N = 5323; Study 2a, N = 12,255; Study 2b, N = 30,994) revealed positive associations between masculinity, collectivism, and CT beliefs. A cross-sectional study among U.S. citizens (Study 3, N = 350), using individual-level measures of Hofstede's values, replicated these findings. A meta-analysis of correlations across studies corroborated the presence of positive links between CT beliefs, collectivism, r = .31, 95% CI = [.15; .47], and masculinity, r = .39, 95% CI = [.18; .59]. Our results suggest that in addition to individual differences and contextual variables, cultural factors also play an important role in shaping CT beliefs. 相似文献
68.
The study of endophenotypes, notably with configured self-reports, represents a promising research pathway to overcome the limits of a syndromal approach of psychiatric diseases. The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) is a self-report questionnaire, based on neuroethological considerations, that could help to assess emotional endophenotypes related to the activity in 6 core cerebral emotional systems (FEAR, ANGER, SADNESS, CARING, PLAYFULNESS, SEEKING). We further investigated its psychometric properties among 830 young adults and showed that they were satisfactory. As participants also completed several other self-reports that shared potential traits with the ANPS, we offer new validity evidence based on relations to other variables. We also provide additional evidence to consider that the ANPS scores can be validly interpreted for the characterization of emotional endophenotypes involved in a variety of psychiatric disorders. On the grounds of present results, of previous clinical studies, as well as some preliminary neuroimaging findings, we discuss new steps in the ANPS validation. 相似文献
69.
The aim of the present study was to determine the best and easiest method of suppressing spontaneous counting in a temporal
judgment task. Three classic methods used to avoid counting—instructions not to count, articulatory suppression, and administration
of an interference task—were tested in temporal generalization, bisection, and reproduction tasks with two duration ranges
(1–4 and 2–8 s). All the three no-counting conditions prevented participants from counting, counting leading to estimates
that were more accurate and less variable and to violations of the fundamental scalar property of timing. With regard to the
differences between the no-counting conditions, the interference task distorted time perception more strongly and increased
variability in temporal estimates to a greater extent than did articulatory suppression, as well as the no-counting instructions
condition. In addition, articulatory suppression produced more noise in behavioral outcome than did the no-counting instruction
condition. In sum, although all methods have disadvantages, the instructions not to count actually constitute the simplest
and more efficient method of preventing counting in timing tasks. However, further studies must now concentrate on the role
of explicit instructions in our experience of perception. 相似文献
70.
An emotion-based lengthening effect on the perception of durations of emotional pictures has been assumed to result from an arousal-based mechanism, involving the activation of an internal clock system. The aim of this study was to systematically examine the arousal effect on time perception when different discrete emotions were considered. The participants were asked to verbally estimate the duration of emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). The pictures varied either in arousal level, i.e., high/low-arousal, for the same discrete emotion (disgust or sadness) or in the depicted emotion, e.g., disgust/fear for pictures matched for arousal (high-arousal). The results systematically revealed a lengthening effect on the perception of the duration of the emotional compared to the neutral pictures and indicated that the magnitude of this effect increased with arousal level. Nevertheless, variations in time perception were observed for one and the same arousal level, with the duration of disgust-inducing pictures (e.g., body mutilation) being judged longer than that of fear-inducing pictures (e.g., snake). These results suggest that arousal is a fundamental mechanism mediating the effect of emotion on time perception. However, the effect cannot be reduced to arousal, since the impact of the content of pictures also plays a critical role. 相似文献