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231.
Bestmann S 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2008,12(3):81-83
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is the noninvasive method of choice for studying the causal relevance of a cortical area in the human brain. The success of TMS, however, is contrasted by limited insight into its mechanism of action. A recent study by Allen and colleagues offers stunning new insight into the physiological underpinnings of TMS. Their findings expand our understanding about a method that is widely used for stimulating research in the cognitive neurosciences. 相似文献
232.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Philosophical Studies》2001,104(1):33-46
Contrary to the received view, decision theory is not primarily devoted to instrumental (ends-to-means) reasoning. Instead, its major preoccupation is the derivation of ends from other ends. Given preferences over basic alternatives, it constructs preferences over alternatives that have been modified through the addition of value object modifiers (modes) that specify probability, uncertainty, distance in time etc. A typology of the decision-theoretical modes is offered. The modes do not have (even extrinsic) value, but they transform the value of objects to which they are applied. A rational agent's total set of preferences should be coherent, but from this it does not follow that her preferences over mode-containing objects have to be derivable from her preferences over mode-free objects. 相似文献
233.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Studia Logica》2009,93(1):21-40
Two types of measures of probabilistic uncertainty are introduced and investigated. Dispersion measures report how diffused
the agent’s second-order probability distribution is over the range of first-order probabilities. Robustness measures reflect
the extent to which the agent’s assessment of the prior (objective) probability of an event is perturbed by information about
whether or not the event actually took place. The properties of both types of measures are investigated. The most obvious
type of robustness measure is shown to coincide with one of the major candidates for a dispersion measure, the mean square
deviation measure. 相似文献
234.
Two types of out‐groups are hypothesized to make people feel guilty about their in‐group's misdeeds. Given its expertise and legitimacy, a disapproving victimized out‐group should raise guilt. However, when a morally tainted perpetrator out‐group is the evaluator, a need to differentiate the self from this out‐group should characterize the guilt responses. This out‐group's disapproval should therefore diminish guilt, whereas some understanding toward the in‐group's position may paradoxically increase guilt. Moreover, these patterns are likely to be accentuated as in‐group identification increases. Predictions were supported among Dutch participants (N = 145) who read how either the current Jewish Dutch (victimized out‐group) or Germans (perpetrator out‐group) evaluated the Dutch collaboration with the Nazis. Results indicated that compassion for the victimized partially mediated the guilt responses. Implications for how perpetrator groups are persuaded to acknowledge their misdeeds are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
235.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Synthese》2009,171(2):257-269
Although choice and preference are distinct categories, it may in some contexts be a useful idealization to treat choices
as fully determined by preferences. In order to construct a general model of such preference-based choice, a method to derive
choices from preferences is needed that yields reasonable outcomes for all preference relations, even those that are incomplete
and contain cycles. A generalized choice function is introduced for this purpose. It is axiomatically characterized and is
shown to compare favourably with alternative constructions. 相似文献
236.
Sven Bernecker 《Erkenntnis》2009,71(1):107-121
This paper criticizes the widespread view whereby a second-order judgment of the form ‘I believe that p’ qualifies as self-knowledge only if the embedded content, p, is of the same type as the content of the intentional state reflected upon and the self-ascribed attitude, belief, is of
the same type as the attitude the subject takes towards p. Rather than requiring identity of contents across levels of cognition self-knowledge requires only that the embedded content
of the second-order thought be an entailment of the content of the intentional state reflected upon. And rather than demanding
identity of attitudes across levels of cognition self-knowledge demands only that the attitude of the intentional state reflected
upon and the attitude the subject self-attributes share certain features such as direction of fit and polarity.
相似文献
Sven BerneckerEmail: |
237.
In order to explore public views on nanobiotechnology (NBT), convergence seminars were held in four places in Europe; namely
in Visby (Sweden), Sheffield (UK), Lublin (Poland), and Porto (Portugal). A convergence seminar is a new form of public participatory
activity that can be used to deal systematically with the uncertainty associated for instance with the development of an emerging
technology like nanobiotechnology. In its first phase, the participants are divided into three “scenario groups” that discuss
different future scenarios. In the second phase, the participants are regrouped into three “convergence groups”, each of which
contains representatives from each of the three groups from the first phase. In the final third phase, all participants meet
for a summary discussion. This pilot project had two aims: (1) to develop and assess the new methodology and (2) to gather
advice and recommendations from the public that may be useful for future decisions on nanobiotechnology (NBT). Participants
emphasized that they wanted the technology to focus on solutions to environmental and medical problems and to meet the needs
of developing countries. The need for further public participation and deliberation on NBT issues seemed to be acknowledged
by all participants. Many of them also raised equality concerns. Views on the means by which NBT should be steered into socially
useful directions were more divided. In particular, different views were expressed on how much regulation of company activities
is needed to curb unwanted developments. The participants’ responses in a questionnaire indicate that the methodology of the
convergence seminars was successful for decision-making under uncertainty. In particular, the participants stated that their
advice was influenced both by access to different possible future developments and by the points of view of their co-participants,
which is what the method is specifically intended to achieve.
相似文献
Sven Ove HanssonEmail: |
238.
Sven Oskarsson Peter Thisted Dinesen Christopher T. Dawes Magnus Johannesson Patrik K. E. Magnusson 《Political psychology》2017,38(3):515-531
One of the clearest results in previous studies on social trust is the robust positive relationship with educational attainment. The most common interpretation is that education has a causal effect on social trust. The theoretical argument and empirical results in this article suggest a different interpretation. We argue that common preadult factors such as cognitive abilities and personality traits rooted in genes and early‐life family environment may confound the relationship between educational attainment and social trust. We provide new evidence on this question by utilizing the quasi‐experiment of twinning. By looking at the relationship between education and social trust within monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, we are able to avoid potential confounders rooted in genetic factors and common environmental influences because the monozygotic twins share both. The results suggest that when controlling for such familial factors the estimated effects of education on social trust are close to zero and far from reaching statistical significance. Further analyses show that the relationship between education and social trust largely is driven by common genetic factors. 相似文献
239.
Traffic research shares a fundamental dilemma with other areas of empirical research in which humans are potentially put at risk. Research is justified because it can improve safety in the long run. Nevertheless, people can be harmed in the research situation. Hence, we need to balance short-term risks against long-term safety improvements, much as in other areas of research with human subjects. In this paper we focus on ethical issues that arise when human beings are directly affected in the performance of research by examining how the ethical requirements in biomedical research can inform traffic research. After introducing the basic ethical requirements on biomedical research, each of the major requirements is discussed in relation to traffic research. We identify the main areas where biomedical research and traffic research differ, and where the ethical requirements from the former cannot easily be transferred to the latter. Finally, we argue that there is a need for systematic studies of the ethics of traffic research and point to some of the issues that need to be addressed. 相似文献
240.
We argue that sensitivity to the distinction between the tensed notion of being something and the tensed notion of being located at the present time serves as a good antidote to confusions in debates about time and existence, in particular in the debate about how to characterise presentism, and saves us the trouble of going through unnecessary epicycles. Both notions are frequently expressed using the tensed verb ‘to exist’, making it systematically ambiguous. It is a commendable strategy to avoid using that verb altogether in these contexts and to use quantification and a location predicate instead.
相似文献