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91.
Sven Ove Hansson 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》1993,22(6):637-669
The AGM (Alchourrón-GÄrdenfors-Makinson) model of belief change is extended to cover changes on sets of beliefs that arenot closed under logical consequence (belief bases). Three major types of change operations, namely contraction, internal revision, and external revision are axiomatically characterized, and their interrelations are studied. In external revision, the Levi identity is reversed in the sense that onefirst adds the new belief to the belief base, and afterwards contracts its negation. It is argued that external revision represents an intuitively plausible way of revising one's beliefs. Since it typically involves the temporary acceptance of an inconsistent set of beliefs, it can only be used in belief representations that distinguish between different inconsistent sets of belief. 相似文献
92.
A psychophysiological therapy for dental fear 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A partly automated method for treating dental fear and avoidance is outlined. The method combines a desensitization procedure with EMG biofeedback and cognitive reattribution. After therapy, 21 out of 24 patients suffering from severe dental fear were able to complete dental rehabilitation. The therapy process is discussed in terms of reconditioning, cognitive reorientation and coping training. 相似文献
93.
Sven Rosenkranz 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2023,57(1):128-143
The knowledge account of assertion construes assertion as subject to constitutive norms. In its standard version, it combines a wide scope obligation not to assert p without knowing p, with narrow scope principles specifying conditions under which it is permissible to assert p, where the notions of obligation and permission are duals and behave uniformly for variable p. It is argued that, given natural assumptions about the logic of ‘ought’, the account proves incoherent. The argument generalizes to accounts that substitute other factive notions for knowledge. A recent non-standard version of the knowledge account employs proposition-relative norms and circumvents the problem. However, it still leads to intolerable combinations of verdicts. Again, the problem arises because knowledge is factive, and it generalizes to other factive notions. It is shown that non-factive accounts face none of the diagnosed difficulties and can do much of the explanatory work that the knowledge account is alleged to do. 相似文献
94.
95.
Bjorvatn C Eide GE Hanestad BR Øyen N Havik OE Carlsson A Berglund G 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(2):211-222
In this multi center study, genetic counseling for hereditary cancer was evaluated by assessing patients’ worry, perceived
risk of developing cancer and satisfaction with genetic counseling. An overall aim was to identify characteristics of vulnerable
patients in order to customize genetic counseling. In addition, agreement between patients’ and counselors’ scores was measured.
A total of 275 Norwegian patients were consecutively recruited, and 213 completed questionnaires before and after genetic
counseling. Patients’ perceived risk decreased after the genetic counseling session. There was incongruence between risk perception
expressed as a percentage and in words. Patients were significantly less worried after counseling. Higher levels of worry
were predicted by low instrumental satisfaction with counseling, high degree of perceived risk of developing cancer and younger
age. In conclusion, counselors met the patients’ psychological needs to a satisfactory degree during counseling. However, patients did not fully
understand their risk of developing cancer. 相似文献
96.
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is one of our most common cancer syndromes and an increasing number of
individuals live in families with verified hereditary cancer. We conducted an interview study to explore experiences from
and perceived impact on life after genetic testing for HNPCC. Three major themes emerged: reactions and emotions, family relations
and implications for life. Among the reactions described were suspecting heredity, feelings of guilt, the importance of experiential
knowledge, and coping strategies. The impact on family relations was related to perceived responsibility for conveying information,
encountering different reactions among family members, and difficulties in communication and relations. The implications described
included uncertainty, adaptation, new choices and changes in life, family planning issues, and experiences of surveillance
programs. We suggest that the themes and sub-themes identified should be taken into account during genetic counselling in
order to facilitate the spread of information and to prepare family members for the impact on life that knowledge about hereditary
cancer may have. 相似文献
97.
This article presents research into human mental spatial reasoning with orientation knowledge. In particular, we look at reasoning problems about cardinal directions that possess multiple valid solutions (i.e., are spatially underdetermined), at human preferences for some of these solutions, and at representational and procedural factors that lead to such preferences. The article presents, first, a discussion of existing, related conceptual and computational approaches; second, results of empirical research into the solution preferences that human reasoners actually have; and, third, a novel computational model that relies on a parsimonious and flexible spatio‐analogical knowledge representation structure to robustly reproduce the behavior observed with human reasoners. 相似文献
98.
Meta-analytic reviews are an important tool for advancing science and guiding evidence-based practice. Publication bias is one of the greatest threats to meta-analytic reviews. This paper assesses the degree of publication bias in four previously published meta-analytic datasets from various fields of study in the organizational sciences. Of these datasets, one appears to be relatively unaffected by publication bias while the others seem to be noticeably influenced by this bias. Our “null” result (i.e., a prior meta-analytic estimate is unlikely to have been affected by publication bias) increases our confidence in the accuracy of our cumulative knowledge. Yet, our other findings suggest the presence of publication bias and point to the need for caution and further research. 相似文献
99.
Susanne Prüß Sven Speerforck Johannes Bahlmann Harald J. Freyberger Georg Schomerus 《Psychotherapeut》2014,59(4):275-282
Background
In the last decades much has been found out about the stigmatization of persons with mental illnesses. Recently, a potential stigmatization of psychologists, psychiatrists and psychotherapy has been debated.Aim
The question should be answered whether there is any scientific evidence for stigmatization of psychologists, psychiatrists and psychotherapy by using the conceptualization of stigma as brought forward by Link and Phelan (Ann Rev Sociol 2001; 27:363–385).Material and methods
For the systematic literature search in 2013 a databank search was carried out in Web of Science using the search terms stigma or discrimination or stereotypes or prejudice AND psychiatrist or psychotherapist or psychotherapy or mental health professional. A total of 2013 publications were identified which were systematically arranged according to the title and abstract with respect to the relevance for the question whether psychotherapy or associated professional groups are stigmatized. Only four of the articles were considered to be relevant. After advice from experts six further relevant articles could be found which did not appear in the databank search.Results
The review found evidence for both positive and negative stereotypes but not for other components of the stigmatization process.Conclusion
At present there is no evidence for a stigma related to psychotherapy or to the professions of psychotherapists and psychiatrists. 相似文献100.